小波分析思想在中尺度对流活动研究中的应用

应用近些年在大气科学领域被广泛采用的小波分析方法,基于小波分析思想提取GMS红外卫星云图中的中-β尺度对流云信息,分析中-β尺度对流活动特征.构造了理想小波函数模板,对四种理想云模型进行了实验分析,建立了小波变换提取云的中心位置和水平尺度等信息的方法.并应用该方法对中-β尺度对流活动实例进行分析和追踪实验.此外,还应用小波分析方法对2001年夏季(6～8月)我国中、东部地区的中-β尺度对流活动进行了统计分析,揭示出了这一区域中-β尺度对流活动的分布规律、强度变化等特征.     

利用FY-2C静止卫星资料反演云粒子有效半径的试验研究

为充分发挥FY-2C静止卫星在人工影响天气和气候领域的重要作用，基于SBDART辐射传输模式，利用该卫星通道4（3．5～4．0μm）的探测数据，反演了云粒子有效半径，并与TERRA上MODIS的相应产品做了比较。结果表明，FY-2C和MODIS资料能一致地反映云粒子有效半径分布的主要特征，但反演的粒子大小存在差异。反演算法、卫星分辨率及选取通道的不同可能是造成两种资料间差异的主要原因。     

西北地区春季云系的垂直结构特征飞机观测统计分析

根据2001年5—6月8架次的飞机探测资料,配合地面观测和卫星资料综合分析得出了西北地区春季云系的垂直结构宏微观特征,包括云厚、云底高度、云粒子浓度、含水量、有效半径、粒子谱分布函数等。降水性层状云厚平均约2000 m,低云含水量垂直方向上平均为0.07 g·m~(-3),中云含水量垂直方向上平均为0.03 g·m~(-3)。对比分析降水云和非降水云系的微物理特征量,两者存在显著的差异,降水性层状云有效半径要达到10～16μm。     

南极长城站大气臭氧和NO2的观测研究

在中国第五次南极考察社长城站的科学研究活动中,开展了与南极臭氧洞有关的大气臭氧和NO_2柱含量的观测。观测采用地面吸收光谱的原理进行。从1988年12月到1989年2月的观测结果表明,长城站区臭氧柱含量平均值为341DU,与常年平均结果相当。NO_2的平均柱含量为2.16×10~(18)cm~(-2)。无论是臭氧或NO_2的柱含量都有明显的日变化。     

DERIVATION OF SCATTERING PHASE FUNCTION FROM CLEAR SKY BRIGHTNESS DISTRIBUTION

Iteration procedure have been applied to obtain the scattering phase function from measurements of sky brightness on solar almucantar. The principle and calculating examples have been discussed.     

我国大气污染物远距离传输的估计——Ⅰ:轨迹分析

根据1979年1,4,7和10月的1500m高度的测风资料,利用二维流场,计算了通过北京、西安、兰州等10个城市空气块的轨迹。依据轨迹及其终点的分布讨论了不同季节对上述这些城市有影响的污染物的来向及以这些城市为源地的污染物的远距离输送问题。     

THE APPROACH TO REMOTE SENSING OF WATER VAPOR BASED ON GPS AND LINEAR REGRESSION T_m IN EASTERN REGION OF CHINA

The approach to remote sensing of water vapor by using global positioning systems(GPS)isdiscussed.In order to retrieve the vertical integrated water vapor(IWV)or the precipitable water(PW),the weighted“mean temperature”of the atmosphere,T_m would be estimated to the specificarea and season.T_m depends on surface temperature,tropospheric temperature profile,and thevertical distribution of water vapor.The surface temperature dependence is borne out by acomparison of T_m and the values of surface temperature T_s using radiosonde profiles of BeijingStation(No.54511)throughout 1992.The analysis of radiosonde profiles spanning a one-yearinterval(1992)from sites in eastern region of China with a latitude range of 20-50°N and alongitude range of 100-130°E yields the coefficients α and b of a linear regression equation T_m=α bT_s.     

以黑体为目标的能见度参考标准试验研究

黑体为目标的能见度测量是从科西米德定律出发,通过工业相机对黑体目标物进行拍摄,建立黑体和背景天空的数学模型,求得能见度。分析表明:当能见度小于30 km,黑体黑度和CCD(change-coupled device)工业相机的面非均匀性对该方法测得的能见度造成的误差约为3.7%。该方法与前向散射能见度仪测量进行对比,能见度变化趋势上具有一致性;但在高能见度时,黑体能见度测量值大于前向散射能见度测量值,低能见度时,黑体测量值小于前向散射能见度测量值。     

应用区域地基全球定位系统观测分析北京地区大气总水汽量

利用2000年6月1日～8月11日北京地区地基全球定位系统(Globe Positioning System)网遥感大气总水汽量试验的观测资料,分析了北京地区夏季大气总水汽量的时空变化,研究了大气总水汽量与日平均温度、地面水汽压和降水的关系.研究结果表明:大气总水汽量存在明显的时空变化,对于地理位置基本相近的台站,海拔高度的影响比较明显,一般情况下高山站的水汽总量低于平原站;在晴天,地面水汽压与大气总水汽量有较好的相关性,而在云雨日,由于高低层大气湿度的变化常常不同步,用地面水汽压估算的大气总水汽量具有较大的偏差;大气总水汽量短时间内的快速增加往往对应有降水过程出现,但总水汽量的大小与降水量之间并没有明显的相关,在降水预报中应综合考虑总水汽量的前期平均水平、短时的增幅和峰值大小等条件的影响.     

Preliminary results of 4-D water vapor tomography in the troposphere using GPS

Slant-path water vapor amounts (SWV) from a station to all the GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites in view can be estimated by using a ground-based GPS receiver. In this paper, a tomographic method was utilized to retrieve the local horizontal and vertical structure of water vapor over a local GPS receiver network using SWV amounts as observables in the tomography. The method of obtaining SWV using ground-based GPS is described first, and then the theory of tomography using GPS is presented. A water vapor tomography experiment was made using a small GPS network in the Beijing region. The tomographic results were analyzed in two ways: (1) a pure GPS method, i.e., only using GPS observables as input to the tomography; (2) combining GPS observables with vertical constraints or a priori information, which come from average radiosonde measurements over three days. It is shown that the vertical structure of water vapor is well resolved with a priori information. Comparisons of profiles between radiosondes and GPS show that the RMS error of the tomography is about 1–2mm. It is demonstrated that the tomography can monitor the evolution of tropospheric water vapor in space and time. The vertical resolution of the tomography is tested with layer thicknesses of 600 m, 800 m and 1000 m. Comparisons with radiosondes show that the result from a resolution of 800m is slightly better than results from the other two resolutions in the experiment. Water vapor amounts recreated from the tomography field agree well with precipitable water vapor (PWV) calculated using GPS delays. Hourly tomographic results are also shown using the resolution of 800 m. Water vapor characteristics under the background of heavy rainfall development are analyzed using these tomographic results. The water vapor spatio-temporal structures derived from the GPS network show a great potential in the investigation of weather disasters.