从上海市热岛演变看城市绿化的重要意义

近40年来，上海城市热岛面积扩大了7－8倍，强度增强了一倍，导致了高温灾害的增加。上海热岛的迅速扩张和增强始于20世纪80年代，与上海城市的建设有明显的对应关系。如何合理规划城市建设，减缓热岛效应影响，以保证上海城市的健康和可持续发展，已成为一个迫切需要解决的问题。近几年来显示出的上海中心城区热岛强度减弱趋势表明，城市绿化建设对减缓城市热岛效应具有重要意义。     

FY-3A/MERSI数据在典型大城市热环境监测预报中的应用——以上海市为例

以上海市为例,探索中国新型自主的FY-3A/MERSI数据在典型大城市热环境研究中的应用模式,包括实时监测与同化数值预报两个方面。结果表明:FY-3A/MERSI反演的250 m地表温度及其他衍生指标能够客观呈现城市热场格局及热岛效应,精细揭示出上海市区—近郊—远郊的地温明显分异,热岛由中心城区呈放射性面状过渡到远郊以乡镇为中心的团块状,其形成与下垫面介质关系密切。同化FY-3A/MERSI数据产品的中尺度数值模式,耦合城市冠层参数化方案,可实现250 m格网0～48 h城市近地层气温空间精细化预报,提取1 h间隔的热环境日演变特征将有助于在不同天气形式下进行热环境灾害潜式预报及机理分析。预报结果在时空分辨率方面明显优于常规数值预报,并避免了卫星云污染的影响,说明FY-3A卫星探测资料能有效改善模式背景场与初始场。     

利用MATLAB实现FY-3/MERSI地表温度反演及专题制图

我国新型自主研发的风云三号卫星MERSI(FY-3/MERSI)数据目前多见于试验研究,国家卫星气象中心(NSMC)发布的业务产品中尚缺乏地表温度(land surface temperature,LST)产品.为此,在分析FY-3/MERSI L1级数据HDF5格式及通道特点的基础上,采用Jiménez-Mu(n)oz和Sobrino普适性单通道地表温度反演算法,借助MATLAB编程,实现了直接利用MERSI数据进行250 m空间分辨率的LST反演与专题制图.详细介绍了LST反演算法的参数化流程,包括辐射定标、云检测处理以及地表比辐射率和大气水汽含量的估计等,并在反演LST的基础上,计算其他衍生指标,建立了FY-3/MERSI数据反演LST及制图流程.对上海市空间热环境监测分析的实验结果表明:该方法能根据设定范围对FY-3/MERSI L1数据进行快速、实时和自动处理,适用于业务化产品制作与共享,节省人力资源;形式丰富的MERSI专题制图产品可更直观、精细地揭示出上海城市热场空间格局与热岛效应特征.     

RESEARCH ON AUTOMATIC FOG IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGY BY METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING

There is an urgent need for the development of a method that can undertake rapid, effective, and accurate monitoring and identification of fog by satellite remote sensing, since heavy fog can cause enormous disasters to China’s national economy and people's lives and property in the urban and coastal areas. In this paper, the correlative relationship between the reflectivity of land surface and clouds in different time phases is found, based on the analysis of the radiative and satellite-based spectral characteristics of fog. Through calculation and analyses of the relative variability of the reflectivity in the images, the threshold to identify quasi-fog areas is generated automatically. Furthermore, using the technique of quick image run-length encoding, and in combination with such practical methods as analyzing texture and shape fractures, smoothness, and template characteristics, the automatic identification of fog and fog-cloud separation using meteorological satellite remote sensing images are studied, with good results in application.     

IMPROVING THE EFFECT OF GREENING ON HEAT ISLAND IN URBAN RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS BASED ON REMOTE SENSING AND GIS ANALYSIS

Analyzing the thermal distribution on plane conditions objectively is difficult due to lack of enough meteorological observation stations within urban residential areas. In this paper satellite observations synchronous or quasi-synchronous with ground observations are adopted, and a teleconnection model is built between the satellite spectral and surface temperature for quantitative retrieval of temperature. Furthermore, by combining the satellite data with other multiple factors, a GIS comprehensive analysis model and a functional evaluation method for urban residential districts are established, which are used to study the relation between the air temperature and media characteristics on ground as well as the greening cooling effect in recent years in Shanghai. The results show that the air temperature in greened urban residential districts is generally lower than the average temperature and much less than the highest one. In general, the average air temperature in the greened area is at most 1.19℃ lower than the maximum temperature in the districts, which is 0.67℃ and 0.55℃ lower than that of the highest for buildings and roads respectively. The temperature is inversely proportional with greening fraction but is directly proportional with the ratio of roads and buildings. The higher the greening fraction in internal residential districts, the lower the temperature, and the higher the ratio of road and building is, the higher the temperature.     

一种基于卫星遥感和数值预报产品的雾预报方法

以气象卫星云图为基础, 应用云雾光谱特征和结构特征进行雾区的动态检测和提取;并利用地面自动气象站资料,采用诊断分析方法探讨雾区变化与多气象要素的关系。分析表明:雾区移动速度与地面风速有关,一定的相对湿度、地气温差和风速大小等要素阈值可以作为雾的排空条件。利用经修正的中尺度数值天气预报模式输出的气象要素产品,对卫星遥感雾区进行0~2 h的外延预报,进而建立了一个大雾短时临近预报业务平台,对2009年和2010年多雾季节的1—4月大雾过程应用统计结果表明,该方法对大雾短时临近预报具有一定的效果。     

上海地区盛夏高温分布和热岛效应的初步研究

根据1997～1998年的7～8月高温加密观测资料和卫星遥感资料,应用自然正交函数分解技术(EOF),对上海地区盛夏高温分布的气候平均场和第一特征场进行了分析.上海地区盛夏平均高温场分布具有显著的城市热岛效应特征.作者详细讨论了市区建成面积、土地利用类别、人口密度和人为热等都市化因素对热岛效应范围和强度的影响,并做出定量的估计,提出了缓解城市热岛效应的若干对策.第一特征场分析表明,风向是影响上海地区热岛效应范围和强度变化的最主要的气象因子.     

地理信息系统在NOAA卫星遥感动态监测中的应用

该文阐述了地理信息系统（GIS）在空间分析和信息处理方面的优势,并有效地将地理信息系统与遥感结合起来,利用NOAA气象卫星对上海地区的洪涝灾害、水稻长势和面积进行动态监测,取得了良好的应用效果。     

基于遥感和GIS的城市热场分布规律研究

以气象卫星资料为主要信息源，以陆地卫星TM资料，土地利用专题图件，气象观测资料为辅助信息源，利用GIS空间分析技术，对城市热力分布特征和变化规律进行动态监测和综合分析，同时还对地面亮温和气温的相关模式进行研究和建立，取得了较好的应用效果。