临安和上甸子大气本底站大气中NMHCs组成与浓度的变化特征

为研究中国大气中非甲烷烃(NMHCs)区域性本底浓度与变化特征,采用吸附富集—热脱附—气相色谱法,测定了临安(30°25′N,119°44′E,海拔132.0 m)和上甸子(40°19′N,117°07′E,海拔286.5 m)大气本底站大气中NMHCs的组成与浓度。从2003年10月至2004年7月,先后按季度分4次观测与取样,共获145个有效样品。检测出C2-C10的NMHCs组分52个,其中包括26个烷烃、17个烯烃和9个芳香烃化合物。在临安和上甸子大气中非甲烷烃总烃(TNMHCs)的平均质量浓度分别为(238.5±126.0)×10-9C,(278.7±185.5)×10-9C。两站烷、烯、芳香烃在TNMHCs中所占的比例相近,分别约为21%—33%,7%—19%,54%—70%。受源、汇和气象条件的共同影响,NMHCs浓度存在明显地日变化和季节性变化,但变化趋势两地略有不同。TNMHCs平均浓度的峰值都出现在10月,谷值分别出现在1,7月。气象要素以风向和风速的影响最为明显。TNMHCs高浓度大多与上风向存在较强污染源有关。另外发现,临安TNMHCs浓度比10 a前有明显增加。     

中国区域空气污染本底站的降水化学特征

分析了3个代表不同背景特征的WMO（世界气象组织）区域本底空气污染站黑龙江五常县龙凤山本底站，北京密云县古北口上甸子本底站和浙江临安本底站的降水化学特征。分析内容为降水的pH值和SO₄2-、NO₃-、Cl-、F-、NH₄+、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+诸离子的浓度。结果表明，降水pH值和SO₄2-、NO₃-、NH₄+、Ca2+具有年际变化和年变化的特征，但其变化趋势各站及各要素不尽一致。离子Cl-、F-、K+、Na+、Mg2+浓度偏低，变化不明显。就多年平均而言，临安站的pH值为3站最低，SO₄2-为最高。上甸子除了SO₄2-浓度次于临安外，其余所有离子浓度均为3站之首，而且pH值也为3站最高。龙凤山除了降水中的Ca2+、Mg2+离子浓度略高于临安外，其它各离子的浓度是3站中最低，pH值在3站中的位置居中。降水化学特征演变趋势为:3个站的降水皆呈酸性，其中临安最严重，龙凤山其次，上甸子相对轻一些，但其酸化的速率为3站之首。     

密云水库区域大气-土-水污染过程复合相关源

采用密云水库15km处WMO区域空气污染本底站——上甸子站1990~2001年降水化学资料,并结合2002~2003年现场科学试验阶段获取的大气干沉降和湿沉降资料,从大气-土-水污染过程的复合相关源角度,综合分析了大气干、湿沉降以及白河沿岸农田、矿区和城镇污染源对密云水库的水质综合影响特征.分析结果表明,该时段密云水库区域大气降水中离子以SO42?,NO3?,NH4+和Ca2+为主;密云水库湿酸沉降量夏半年(4~9月)大于冬半年(10~3月),其年际变化呈上升趋势,年平均达1038.45t,最高年份(1996)达1766.31t,最低年份(1994)为604.02t;密云水库区域大气降水pH的多年平均值为5.20,降水呈弱酸性,pH值年际变化呈下降趋势.密云水库水体不同深层的pH值均大于7.0.pH值垂直和水平空间分布呈非均一性特征,同一区域pH值随水深呈下降趋势;2002年和2003年密云水库降尘量分别为13513.08t和3577.64t,春季降尘量为全年之首,分别占其全年的61.91%和44.56%.由于大气干、湿沉降中含有多种重金属元素及有害元素,它们可能在一定程度上对库水富营养化、潜在重金属污染以及库水酸化起“加剧”作用.上述综合分析结果揭示出密云水库区域大气-土-水污染过程复合相关源特征及其多圈层相互作用效应.另外,夏季(雨季)是局地土壤污染源由于受暴雨或强降水冲刷后通过入库水系山谷坡地汇流,引起区域性大气-土-水连锁污染过程,导致水库或河流水质污染.统计分析亦发现密云水库水质污染可能与水库周边及上游局部区域降水冲刷和汇流因素相关.水库污染物浓度变化与水库上游局地区域降水量呈较显著的相关,这些相关特征揭示了水库水质污染过程大气-土-水多圈层相互作用效应.提出了水库污染复合相关源分析法观点及其追踪入库水系上游污染源空间分布技术途径.     

北京乡村地区分粒径气溶胶OC及EC分析

利用北京上甸子区域大气本底站2004年观测的分粒径大气气溶胶资料,分析了气溶胶中有机碳 (OC) 及元素碳 (EC) 的质量浓度水平、季节变化、尺度分布特征、OC与EC比值及其相关性。结果显示:上甸子站总悬浮颗粒物 (TSP) 中OC平均质量浓度为7.5~31.5 μg·m-3,EC质量浓度为1.4~6.6 μg·m-3;PM_2.1(粒径小于2.1 μm) 中OC质量浓度为4.0~19.1 μg·m-3,EC质量浓度大约为0.8~4.3 μg·m-3。冬季OC及EC质量浓度明显高于其他季节,其中冬、夏、秋季OC及EC峰值粒径出现为0.65~2.1 μm,但在春季峰值粒径移至2.1~4.7 μm。观测期间,OC与EC质量浓度比值平均为4~6,该比值略高于文献报道的我国一些城市地区的观测结果。     

上甸子秋冬季雾霾期间气溶胶光学特性

通过对2004年秋冬季(9—12月)4次雾霾天气过程在京、津背景地区——北京上甸子大气本底污染监测站观测的大气气溶胶光学特性的分析,发现该地区气溶胶光学特性受天气过程的影响很大。4次雾霾影响时段,平均气溶胶散射系数σ_(sca)、吸收系数σ_(abs)和单次散射反照率ω都远高于雾霾过后清洁时段的数值,其中气溶胶ω在雾霾影响时段为0.94～0.97,雾霾后为0.84～0.86,平均减小了0.1左右,表明雾霾天气有利于气溶胶的累积和生成。相比于光吸收性气溶胶,雾霾天气对光散射性气溶胶的增加更为有利,反映了二次气溶胶的产生及其对消光的贡献可能有较大增加。     

CORRECTION METHODS FOR THERMAL OFFSET ERRORS IN TBQ-2-B PYRANOMETERS

Due to the existence of thermal offsets, global solar irradiances measured by pyranometers are smaller than actual values, and errors are larger in the daytime. Until now, there is no universally-recognized correction method for thermal offset errors. Therefore, it is imperative to identify a convenient and effective correction method. Five correction methods were evaluated based on the data measured from a field experiment from 23 January to 15 November, 2011. Results have shown: 1) Temporal variation characteristics of thermal offsets in the four tested pyranometers are consistent. 2) Among the five methods, non-dimensional quantity method is suggested for use to correct thermal offsets, because it is convenient and no modification of instruments is required. If collocated net longwave radiation and wind speed data are available and their uncertainties are small, the historical solar radiation datasets can also be corrected. And correction effects by the method are better.     

Variation Characteristics of Ambient NMHCs at Shangdianzi and Lin＇an Regional GAW Sites

In order to study the variation characteristics of concentration of the atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in background area of China, the atmospheric concentrations of NMHCs were measured at Lin'an (LA) regional GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch) Station (30°25'N, 119°44'E; 132.0 m ASL) and Shangdianzi (SDZ) regional GAW Station (40°19'N, 117°07'E; 286.5 m ASL) with the sorbent sorp-tion/thermal desorption/gas chromatographic method. Totally 145 samples were collected during the period of October 2003 and July 2004. Among the 52 NMHC species of C2-C10 detected there were 26 alkanes, 17 alkenes, and 9 aromatics. The average concentrations of total NMHCs (TNMHCs) at LA and SDZ were (238.5±126.0)×KT9C and (278.7±185.5)x10-9C, respectively. The results showed the ambient concentrations of TNMHCs at LA regional GAW Station increased notably over the last decade. The compositions of NMHCs at SDZ and LA were relatively similar. The proportions of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics for SDZ and LA were hi ranges of (27.3±4.0)%, (10.3±3.5)%, and (62.5±4.8)%, respectively, with features of vehicle exhaust emissions. The concentrations of NMHCs at the two sites showed obvious diurnal and seasonal variations. The TNMHC concentrations in October-November were high at the two sites, and relatively low in April and July. The diurnal variation patterns at the sites were different. The high TNMHC concentrations at SDZ normally appeared in evening and night, but appeared in morning at LA. The TNMHCs concentrations at the two sites were significantly influenced by the meteorological condition. The high TNMHC concentration associated with the local wind from the urban areas or traffic in upper reaches.     

大气传输对华北区域本底地区降水化学成分的影响

对华北区域本底站1999~2007年239次降水过程的气流后向轨迹进行分类,从中选取典型西北路径、西南路径和东南路径降水,研究了不同输送路径下降水pH值、电导率、化学组成特征及影响本底地区的主要排放源.结果显示,起源于我国中东部内陆地区途经太原、石家庄、北京等大城市的西南气流,起源于蒙古国途经我国内蒙地区的西北气流,以...