捕捉黑暗--国际暗夜协会天文摄影比赛获奖作品赏析

暗夜摄影在暗夜保护工作中起着重要的作用。一张星空的照片会将那些从未将目光投向银河系的人与隐藏在天幕之后的宇宙联系在一起。它能让我们了解我们在这个世界中的位置,激励我们与夜晚建立更深的联系并最终投身于保护夜晚的静谧。     

走近空间医学

小时候,我想当一名宇航员。我梦想着飞向月球。现在,我成了一名天文学家,但是对载人航天一直保持着兴趣。成为宇航员的梦想很好,但是对真正飞向太空进行一番思考,你就会意识到,当宇航员比你能想到的还要危险。空间站发生空气泄漏怎么办?你每天吃什么?如果你在长途国际航班上都感到无聊,那么坐在-艘小小的飞船里,花六个月的时间飞往火星,这样的旅途又将是怎样的感受!如果你和飞船里其他的队员起了冲突怎么办?如果你感冒了,或者牙疼,或者得了癌症,又该怎么办?人的身体最适合在地球表面、与其他人一起生活。人的身体和精神所能应付的事是有限的,这就是为什么,我们向太阳系内各行星发射的大多是自动探测器。不过,在不久的将来,我们必须学会如何解决这些问题。     

The electromagnetic and gravitational-wave radiations of X-ray transient CDF-S XT2

Binary neutron star(NS)mergers may result in remnants of supra-massive or even stable NS,which have been supported indirectly by observed X-ray plateau of some gamma-ray burst(GRB)afterglows.Recently,Xue et al.(2019)discovered an X-ray transient CDF-S XT2 that is powered by a magnetar from merger of double NS via X-ray plateau and following stepper phase.However,the decay slope after the plateau emission is slightly larger than the theoretical value of spin-down in electromagnetic(EM)dominated by losing its rotation energy.In this paper,we assume that the feature of X-ray emission is caused by a supra-massive magnetar central engine for surviving thousands of seconds to collapse into a black hole.Within this scenario,we present the comparisons of the X-ray plateau luminosity,break time,and the parameters of magnetar between CDF-S XT2 and other short GRBs with internal plateau samples.By adopting the collapse time to constrain the equation of state(EOS),we find that three EOSs(GM1,DD2,and DDME2)are consistent with the observational data.On the other hand,if the most released rotation energy of magnetar is dominated by GW radiation,we also constrain the upper limit of ellipticity of NS for given EOS,and its range is[0.32-1.3]×10^-3.Its GW signal cannot be detected by Advanced LIGO or even for more sensitive Einstein Telescope in the future.     

同好摄影

拍摄时间:2019年6月26日拍摄地点:智利复活节岛器材参数:佳能EOS 6D,EF 16-35 mm f/2.8L Ⅲ USM,16 mm,IS010000,20s,F2.8,10张叠加。图片说明:世界上绝大多数人都生活在北半球,但最壮丽的星空却只有生活在南半球的少数人才能看到。这是智利复活节岛的夜晚,壮丽的南天银河正从海边的棕榈树上升起。     

New observations and transit solutions of the inflated exoplanets HAT-P-40b and HAT-P-51b

We present high-precision photometric observations of the transiting exoplanets HAT-P-40 b and HAT-P-51 b by the Rozhen 2-m telescope.The newly-observed transit of HAT-P-40 b is the first one with a complete curve.The orbital periods of the two targets were improved.We modeled the observed transits and found bigger stellar radii than those derived from the stellar models.The planet radii of HATP-40 b and HAT-P-51 b obtained from our transit solutions are bigger than the values calculated by the empirical relations for Jupiter-mass and Saturn-mass planets respectively.Their values reveal the highlyinflated nature of the two targets,especially that of HAT-P-51 b.We established that the best transit solutions correspond to a quadratic limb-darkening law.The fitted limb-darkening coefficients of HAT-P-40 are close to the theoretical ones while those of HAT-P-51 are a little different.The precise astrometric Gaia distances of the two targets are smaller by 6%–7%than the calculated values from the stellar models.We propose the Gaia distances to be used for improvement of the stellar models as well as for more reliable calculation of the parameters of the known exoplanets.     

Differentiated payments for environmental services schemes: Amethodology proposal

Payment schemes for environmental services face serious budget constraints in Mexico. Payments are equally distributed among forest owners, and the governmental agencies that make payments to beneficiaries do not evaluate the amount of environmental services produced by forested areas. This lack of evaluation could lead to economic and environmental deficiencies that restrict the possible benefits of such programmes. In general, these programmes do not achieve their conservation objectives, and local beneficiaries are not involved in the design or application of these programmes. Similarly, the Payments for Hydrological Environmental Services (PHES) programme of the State of Mexico, Mexico, makes equal payments to beneficiaries of forested areas considering tree density. The objective of the present work was to create a methodology for determining differentiated payments schemes for hydrological environmental services, prioritising areas that contribute the most to groundwater recharge and promote the participation of society. In the Nevado de Toluca Natural Protected Area, the environmental criteria of forest type, tree density and aquifer overexploitation as well as social participation were considered in a multi-criteria analysis implemented in a Geographic Information System. A methodology was developed to determine differentiated payments based on specific forest characteristics that influence the potential capacity of forests to recharge groundwater reserves in addition to the level of social participation. In particular, social participation is key as it could ensure the viability of PHES programmes as conservation alternatives in forested areas with high groundwater recharge potential.     

卡里马塔海峡水体交换的季节变化

Four trawl-resistant bottom mounts, with acoustic Doppler current profilers(ADCPs) embedded, were deployed in the Karimata Strait from November 2008 to June 2015 as part of the South China Sea-Indonesian Seas Transport/Exchange and Impact on Seasonal Fish Migration(SITE) Program, to estimate the volume and property transport between the South China Sea and Indonesian seas via the strait. The observed current data reveal that the volume transport through the Karimata Strait exhibits significant seasonal variation. The winteraveraged(from December to February) transport is –1.99 Sv(1 Sv=1×10~6 m~3/s), while in the boreal summer(from June to August), the average transport is 0.69 Sv. Moreover, the average transport from January 2009 to December2014 is –0.74 Sv(the positive/negative value indicates northward/southward transport). May and September are the transition period. In May, the currents in the Karimata Strait turn northward, consistent with the local monsoon. In September, the southeasterly trade wind is still present over the strait, driving surface water northward, whereas the bottom flow reverses direction, possibly because of the pressure gradient across the strait from north to south.     

灌河口近岸海域春季海洋环境现状调查

【目的】调查灌河口邻近海域生态环境状况。【方法】2016年5月对该海域进行水质、沉积物和生物生态现状调查。【结果与结论】水质主要超标因子为无机氮、磷酸盐;沉积物质量监测项目全部符合一类沉积物质量标准。浮游植物生物多样性指数丰富(3.11),浮游动物、游泳动物的生物多样性指数较丰富(大于2),底栖生物较贫乏(0.97)。底栖生物密度与沉积物硫化物显著正相关。浮游植物密度与叶素绿a显著正相关。小型网浮游动物密度与水温、化学需氧量显著负相关,其种类与营养盐、化学需氧量显著负相关,二者均与盐度显著正相关。     

欧洲计划于年末发射2颗伽利略卫星

【据每日GPS网站2020年3月31日报道】欧洲计划于2020年12月15日在法属圭那亚库鲁发射场发射2颗伽利略卫星。运载火箭采用俄罗斯的“联盟号”,并非“阿里安-6”。“阿里安”运载火箭将用于执行2021年中的伽利略卫星发射任务。伽利略计划于1999开始实施,2013年发射首颗卫星。