Synoptic Characteristics Related to Warm-Sector Torrential Rainfall Events in South China During the Annually First Rainy Season

Warm-sector torrential rainfall (WSTR) events that occur in the annually first rainy season in south China are characterized by high rainfall intensity and low radar echo centroids. To understand the synoptic characteristics related to these features, 16 WSTR events that occurred in 2013-2017 were examined with another 16 squall line (SL) events occurred during the same period as references. Composite analysis derived from ERA-Interim reanalysis data indicated the importance of the deep layer of warm and moist air for WSTR events. The most significant difference between WSTR and SL events lies in their low-level convergence and lifting; for WSTR events, the low-level convergence and lifting is much shallower with comparable or stronger intensity. The trumpet-shaped topography to the north of the WSTR centers is favorable for the development of such shallow convergences in WSTR events. Results in this study will provide references for future studies to improve the predictability of WSTR.     

GRAPES-EPS系统的初值生成方法与对比试验研究

介绍了增长模繁殖法（BGM）和集合转化卡尔曼滤波法（ETKF）两种不同的模式初始扰动方法的基本原理,并以GRAPES中尺度模式为基础,利用两种初始扰动方法构建了两套中尺度集合预报系统。通过圣帕台风的个例试验,对比两种初始扰动生成方法对降水预报结果的影响。结果表明：两种方法均可以很好的捕捉到中尺度强降水的过程信息,集合平均结果优于控制预报,并在一定程度上改善了对强降水的落区和强度的预报;从邮票图和对集合预报系统的检验参数上来看,ETKF的集合离散度和特征值分布好于BGM方法,但对于降水结果TS等的评分的比较上来看,BGM的预报结果要优于ETKF的预报结果;另外,BGM方法和原理更简单,易于实现业务应用。     

一种改进的平缓-混合地形追随坐标在GRAPES中尺度模式中的应用研究

平缓-混合地形追随坐标（T-F坐标）可以减小坐标面上的地形影响带来的各种计算误差。以余弦三角函数为基函数的平缓-混合坐标（COS坐标）高层坐标面水平,计算误差较小,但是低层坐标面之间的厚度较薄,增大了计算误差,给模式稳定性及模拟效果带来较大的影响。设计一种改进的COS坐标,使低层坐标面垂直分布更加均匀,应用于GRAPES-Meso模式进行理想试验和实际模拟试验。结果表明,改进的COS坐标相对COS坐标,中高层计算误差相当,低层地形作用衰减的垂直变化更加均匀,减小了计算误差,提高了计算稳定性;地形重力波试验结果显示,改进的COS坐标重力波破碎相对COS坐标有一定缓解,更接近解析值;批量模拟试验结果显示,改进的COS坐标各个层次上的月平均模拟偏差比单尺度双曲函数平缓-混合坐标（简称SLEVE1坐标）更小,均方根误差减小,距平相关系数增大。改进的COS坐标有效地解决了COS坐标的计算问题,提高了模式预报效果。