EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IN CHEMOMETRICS

Chemometrics is defined as the application of mathematical and statistical methods to chemical systems.Systems theory is seen to be useful for organizing and categorizing the inputs to and outputs fromchemical systems.Advances in measurement science in the 1950s and 1960s,particularly in analyticalchemistry,created a need for a multivariate approach to data analysis.Early chemometrics emphasizedthe use of structure-finding methods for existing data sets.In many instances,data sets can be obtainedfrom designed experiments.Such data sets are more likely to contain the desired information and the datacan usually be acquired at less cost.Renewed interest in statistical process control will provide many new,more robust data sets in the future.     

西安市气候变化与城市发展

分析了西安市近40多a气温、日照、＞0．1mm降水的变化趋势及西安城市热岛强度的发展变化情况,表明西安市年平均温度夏季、冬季变幅较大,年平均最低气温在逐年代上升;降水日数冬季有减少趋势,日照时数自70年代后逐渐减少,且与郊区的差距也在逐渐增大．在分析时段内西安市的城市热岛强皮也在逐渐增大．     

中国降雨过程时程分型特征

为研究降雨过程雨强随历时的变化关系,利用中国14个气象站近40年逐分钟降雨资料,采用动态K均值聚类法并根据雨峰在降雨过程中出现的位置,将中国10256次降雨过程分为4种类型,即降雨前期集中型（Ⅰ型）、降雨中期集中型（Ⅱ型）、降雨后期集中型（Ⅲ型）和降雨均匀分布型（IV型）。结果表明:中国Ⅰ型降雨出现频次最高,占47.1%;Ⅱ型次之,占21.2%;Ⅲ型和IV型出现频次相当,分别占15.3%和16.4%。夏季Ⅰ型降雨发生频次占绝对优势,为夏季总降水过程的52.2%;冬季各类雨型发生频次相差不大。Ⅰ型多为短历时高强度降雨,而IV型多为长历时低强度降雨,Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型居中。历时越短时,Ⅰ型降雨的比重越大;随着降雨历时的增加,Ⅰ型降雨的比重明显下降,IV型降雨的比重增加。     

RS AND GIS-BASED FOREST FIRE RISK ZONE MAPPING IN DA HINGGAN MOUNTAINS

1INTRODUCTIONForests are one of the major natural resources that per-form important environmental and recreational func-tions (COSTANZA and GROOT, 1997). It is well known that forests can absorb atmospheric carbon, maintain a certain degree of humidity in atmosphere, regulate rainfall, moderate temperature, and restrain soil erosion, etc. (AURELIA, 2003). So, the health of a forest in any given area is a very important indicator of the ecological conditions. But fire is the great…     

近51a来陕西农业干旱特征分析

利用1961—2011年陕西51a来的农业干旱资料对旱灾时空分布特征及发生频率详细分析,结合同时段气象资料分析了旱灾程度与温度和降水的关系。结果表明：陕西农业干旱季节性和区域性特征明显,20世纪60年代至21世纪初受旱面积和受旱百分率均呈显著增加趋势,2002年以后有所缓和,受旱面积在20世纪90年代出现峰值。大旱年份多出现在暖干年份,旱灾发生程度与降水呈明显负相关,温度高低在一定程度上会加快或抑制干旱的发生和发展。     

The Effect of Tide on the Global Climate Change

The differential rotation between the solid and fluid spheres caused by tidal force could explain the 1500 to 1800 - year cycle of the worlds temperature. Strong tide increases the vertical and horizontal mixing of water in the oceans,dra-wing the cold Pacific water from the depths to the surface and the warm water from the west to the east, where it cools or warms the atmosphere above, absorbs or releases CO2 to decrease or increase greenhouse effect and to make La Nina or El Nino occur in the global. The moons declination and obliquity of the ecliptic affect the tidal intensity. The exchange of tidal energy and tide -generating force caused by the sun, moon and major planets makes the earths layers rotate in different speeds. The differenti-al rotation between solid and fluid of the earth is the basic reason for El Nino and global climate change.     

LUCC and Accompanied Soil Degradation in China from 1960''''s to 1990''''s

This paper tries to qualitatively analyze land use and cover changes (LUCC) and accompanied soil degradation in China, the data of World Atlas of Agriculture in 1969, Land Cover Data of Asia in 1992 and Global Assessment of Human Induced Soil Degradation in 1992, etc. have been used. From 1960' s to 1990's, the area of forestland had increased, ara-ble land and paddy as well as grassland had significantly decreased in China. The major type of soil degradation is due to wa-ter erosion, which is widely distributed especially in Loess Plateau and in Southeast and Southwest China, this happened in forestland, grassland and arable land and mainly resulted from deforestation. The secondary type is wind erosion, which is mainly distributed in Northwest China, it happened in arable land and grassland and was caused by overgrazing. Chemical deterioration is distributed in North and Northwest China, which happened in paddy, arable land and grassland. Physical de-terioration only concentrated in local area in North     

基于遥感技术的两种区域蒸散估算方法的应用比较

蒸散发的估算在区域能量平衡和水分循环研究中具有重要意义.本文利用NOAA/AVHRR卫星资料、常规气象观测站和区域加密自动气象站观测资料,采用能量平衡单层模型和蒸散系数模型估算了陕西关中渭北生长季的潜热通最.结果表明,两种模型都能较好地反映出蒸散与研究区域土地利用和植被覆盖间的密切关系;造成这两种模型估算蒸散结果差异的...