基于水下光纤应变监测的导管架结构总冰力测量方法

基于测量结构水下光纤应变获取冰力的方法首次应用于渤海JZ20-2NW加锥导管架平台,该方法方便进行零点标定,可获取结构总冰力的绝对信息(包括均值和波动值)。首先介绍了JZ20-2NW平台的现场监测系统,主要包括结构水下应变响应记录冰力信息,甲板上部视频记录同步冰情(冰厚、冰速和来冰方向)信息和拾振器记录结构冰振响应;重点分析了由测点应变向结构总冰力的转化方法,并对总冰力进行了初步分析。将无量纲化实测冰力与5种典型冰力计算模型进行了比较,分析结果表明,锥体宽度与海冰厚度比值(简称"宽厚比")对冰力大小及变化起决定作用。     

Diapycnal nutrient fluxes on the northern boundary of Cape Ghir upwelling region

In this study we estimate diffusive nutrient fluxes in the northern region of Cape Ghir upwelling system (Northwest Africa) during autumn 2010. The contribution of two co-existing vertical mixing processes (turbulence and salt fingers) is estimated through micro- and fine-structure scale observations. The boundary between coastal upwelling and open ocean waters becomes apparent when nitrate is used as a tracer. Below the mixed layer (56.15±15.56 m), the water column is favorable to the occurrence of a salt finger regime. Vertical eddy diffusivity for salt (K_s) at the reference layer (57.86±8.51 m, CI 95%) was 3×10⁻⁵ (±1.89×10⁻⁹, CI 95%) m² s⁻¹. Average diapycnal fluxes indicate that there was a deficit in phosphate supply to the surface layer (6.61×10⁻⁴ mmol m⁻² d⁻¹), while these fluxes were 0.09 and 0.03 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ for nitrate and silicate, respectively. There is a need to conduct more studies to obtain accurate estimations of vertical eddy diffusivity and nutrient supply in complex transitional zones, like Cape Ghir. This will provide us with information about salt and nutrients exchange in onshore–offshore zones.     

Possible mixotrophy of pigmented nanoflagellates: Microbial plankton biomass, primary production and phytoplankton growth in the NW Iberian upwelling in spring

Microbial plankton biomass, primary production (PP) and phytoplankton growth rates (μ) were estimated along the NW Iberian margin during an upwelling relaxation event. Although the interaction between wind forcing and coastline singularities caused high spatial variability in PP (0.4-8.4 g C m⁻² d⁻¹), two domains (coastal and oceanic) could be distinguished regarding microbial plankton biomass and μ. At the coastal domain, with higher influence of upwelling, diatoms showed an important contribution (27 ± 17%) to total autotrophic biomass (AB). Nonetheless, AB was dominated by autotrophic nanoflagellates (ANF) at both realms, accounting for 62 ± 16% and 89 ± 6% of the integrated AB at the coastal and oceanic domain respectively. AB and heterotrophic biomass (HB) were significantly higher at the oceanic than at the coastal domain, with both biomasses covarying according to HB:AB = 0.33. Whereas the low phytoplankton carbon to chlorophyll a ratio (C_ph:chl a = 38 ± 3) and the high μ = 0.54 ± 0.09 d⁻¹ registered at the coastal stations suggest that phytoplankton was not nutrient limited at this domain, the values (C_ph:chl a = 157 ± 8; μ = 0.17 ± 0.02 d⁻¹) recorded at the oceanic domain point to severe nutrient limitation. However, the high Fv/Fm fluorescence ratios (0.56 ± 0.09) measured at the sea surface in the oceanic domain suggest that nutrient limitation did not occur. To reconcile these two apparently opposite views, it is suggested the occurrence of mixotrophic nutrition of ANF, with heterotrophic nutrition supplying about 75% of carbon requirements.     

Coastal Mediterranean plankton stimulation dynamics through a dust storm event: An experimental simulation

An enhancement of aeolian inputs to the ocean due to a future increase in aridity in certain parts of the world is predicted from global change. We conducted an experimental simulation to assess the biological response of NW Mediterranean coastal surface waters to an episodic dust addition. On the assumption that planktonic growth was limited by phosphorus, dust effects were compared to those induced by equivalent enrichments of phosphate. The experiment analyzed the dynamics of several parameters during one week: inorganic nutrients, total and fractioned chlorophyll a, bacterial abundance, phytoplankton species composition, abundance of autotrophic and heterotrophic flagellates, particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen. The maximum addition of dust (0.5 g dust L⁻¹) initiated an increase in bacterial abundance. After 48 h, bacterial numbers decreased due to a peak in heterotrophic flagellates and a significant growth of autotrophic organisms, mainly nanoflagellates but also diatoms, was observed. Conversely, lower inputs of dust (0.05 g dust L⁻¹) and phosphate enrichments (0.5 μmol PO₄³⁻ L⁻¹) only produced increases in phototrophic nanoflagellates. In our experiment, dust triggered bacterial growth, changed phytoplankton dynamics and affected the ratio of autotrophic to heterotrophic biomass, adding to the variability in the sources that affect system dynamics, energy and carbon budgets and ultimately higher trophic levels of the coastal marine food web.     

柴达木盆地北缘北西(西)向断裂及其油气地质意义

柴达木盆地的重力、地震等资料显示,柴达木盆地北缘发育众多的北西(西)向断裂构造带.平面上,这些断裂带自北向南成排成带展布,与重力异常反映的构造格局具有很好的对应关系,控制着褶皱带的走向和发育;剖面上,这些断裂表现为上、下"两层楼"式结构,分别控制着上、下第三系的沉积与演化.研究表明,北西(西)向断裂带对区内油气的聚集与成藏具有重要的控制作用:①烃源岩的展布明显受北西(西)向断裂的控制;②形成多种与断层有关的构造样式,圈闭类型以与逆断层有关的断背斜和断块型构造圈闭为主;③既可作为油气运移的通道,也可作为油气     

Geochemistry and Zircon U-Pb Geochronology of EarlyPaleozoic S-type Granites in the Eastern Qilian Block,Northwest China

The Qilian Block(QB) is a Precambrian micro-continent located in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.Prevalent Lower Paleozoic granitic magmatic rocks crop out in the QB. A new integrated study of zircon U-Pb ages and systematic whole-rock geochemical data for the Xindian, Dongjiazhuang and Xiaogaoling granites in the eastern segment of the QB constrains their emplacement ages, petrogenesis, and regional evolutionary history. U-Pb dating reveals that the Xindian granite was emplaced 454 Ma, and both the Dongjiazhuang and Xiaogaoling granites were emplaced ca. 440 Ma.Geochemical study shows that all granites belong to the high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic series and are S-type granites formed by partial melting of continental crust, mainly metagraywacke. We infer that these ca. 454–445 Ma granites formed in a syn-collisional setting during the continental collisional between the Qaidam and Qilian blocks.     

Evolution of Tectonic Uplift, Hydrocarbon Migration, and Uranium Mineralization in the NW Junggar Basin: An Apatite Fission-Track Thermochronology Study

The Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonic movement largely controls the northwest region of the Junggar Basin (NWJB), which is a significant area for the exploration of petroleum and sandstone-type uranium deposits in China. This work collected six samples from this sedimentary basin and surrounding mountains to conduct apatite fission track (AFT) dating, and utilized the dating results for thermochronological modeling to reconstruct the uplift history of the NWJB and its response to hydrocarbon migration and uranium mineralization. The results indicate that a single continuous uplift event has occurred since the Early Cretaceous, showing spatiotemporal variation in the uplift and exhumation patterns throughout the NWJB. Uplift and exhumation initiated in the northwest and then proceeded to the southeast, suggesting that the fault system induced a post spread-thrust nappe into the basin during the Late Yanshanian. Modeling results indicate that the NWJB mountains have undergone three distinct stages of rapid cooling: Early Cretaceous (ca. 140–115 Ma), Late Cretaceous (ca. 80–60 Ma), and Miocene–present (since ca. 20 Ma). These three stages regionally correspond to the Lhasa-Eurasian collision during the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (ca. 140–125 Ma), the Lhasa-Gandise collision during the Late Cretaceous (ca. 80–70 Ma), and a remote response to the India-Asian collision since ca. 55 Ma, respectively. These tectonic events also resulted in several regional unconformities between the J3/K1, K2/E, and E/N, and three large-scale hydrocarbon injection events in the Piedmont Thrust Belt (PTB). Particularly, the hydrocarbon charge event during the Early Cretaceous resulted in the initial inundation and protection of paleo-uranium ore bodies that were formed during the Middle–Late Jurassic. The uplift and denudation of the PTB was extremely slow from 40 Ma onward due to a slight influence from the Himalayan orogeny. However, the uplift of the PTB was faster after the Miocene, which led to re-uplift and exposure at the surface during the Quaternary, resulting in its oxidation and the formation of small uranium ore bodies.     

Seismic Hazard Assessment of District Mansehra,Khyber Pakhtoonkhawa,Pakistan

The site of Mansehra is located seismically in an active regime, known as the Crystalline Nappe Zone and Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis in NW Himalayas, Pakistan. Seismic Hazard Assessment （SHA） for the site has been carried out by considering the earthquake source zones, selection of appropriate attenuation equations, near fault effects and maximum potential magnitude estimation. The Mansehra Thrust, Oghi Fault, Banna Thrust, Balakot Shear Zone, Main Boundary Thrust, Panjal Thrust, Jhelum Fault and Muzaffarabad Fault and, further to the south, the Sanghargali, Nathiagali, and Thandiani Thrusts are the most critical tectonic features within the 50 km radius of Mansehra. Using the available instrumental seismological data from 1904 to 2007, SHA has been carried out. Other reactivated critical tectonic features in the area have been investigated. Among them the Balakot-Bagh fault, with the fault length of 120 km from Balakot to Poonch, has been considered as the most critical tectonic feature on the basis of geological/structural/seismological data. The potential earthquake of maximum magnitude 7.8 has been assigned to the Balakot-Bagh fault using four regression relations. The peak ground acceleration value of 0.25 g （10% probability of exceedance for 50 years） and 0.5 g has been calculated with the help of the attenuation equation using probabilistic and deterministic approaches.     

Marsh benthic Foraminifera response to estuarine hydrological balance driven by climate variability over the last 2000 yr (Minho estuary,NW Portugal)

A high-resolution study of a marsh sedimentary sequence from the Minho estuary provides a new palaeoenvironmental reconstruction from NW Iberian based on geological proxies supported by historical and instrumental climatic records. A low-salinity tidal flat, dominated by Trochamminita salsa, Haplophragmoides spp. and Cribrostomoides spp., prevailed from AD 140–1360 (Roman Warm Period, Dark Ages, Medieval Climatic Anomaly). This sheltered environment was affected by high hydrodynamic episodes, marked by the increase in silt/clay ratio, decrease of organic matter, and poor and weakly preserved foraminiferal assemblages, suggesting enhanced river runoff. The establishment of low marsh began at AD 1380. This low-salinity environment, marked by colder and wet conditions, persisted from AD 1410–1770 (Little Ice Age), when foraminiferal density increased significantly. Haplophragmoides manilaensis and Trochamminita salsa mark the transition from low to high marsh at AD 1730. Since AD 1780 the abundances of salt marsh species (Jadammina macrescens, Trochammina inflata) increased, accompanied by a decrease in foraminiferal density, reflecting climate instability, when droughts alternate with severe floods. SW Europe marsh foraminifera respond to the hydrological balance, controlled by climatic variability modes (e.g., NAO) and solar activity, thus contributing to the understanding of NE Atlantic climate dynamics.     

阿尔金山喀腊大湾地区变形岩石EBSD组构分析

岩石组构是指组成岩石的矿物在岩石中分布的各向异性,EBSD(Electron Back Scattered Diffraction)岩组分析就是运用电子背散射衍射技术测定岩石结构要素——岩石中矿物分布的规律性。本文作者运用EBSD技术方法,对阿尔金山喀腊大湾地区变形岩石的组构分析显示,花岗质糜棱岩和蚀变变形花岗岩中,石英变形机制是以中温I级柱面(10-10)0001和中高温II级柱面(10-10)0001滑移为主,少量为中低温底面(0001)11-20滑移;而在变形火山岩中,石英变形机制是以中低温底面(0001)11-20滑移系为主。在区域南北向剖面分布上,接近阿尔金北缘断裂和白尖山断裂的中北部变形温度较高,向南变形温度有逐渐降低的趋势。从岩石组构特点结合宏观构造分析,可以认为本区北段属于中—中深层次(15~25km,t=350~550℃,P=0.40~0.60GPa)的韧性变形,而中南段为中浅层次(10~15km,t=250~350℃,P=0.25~0.40GPa)的韧脆性变形。结合不同变形特点花岗岩的年代学资料,确定构造变形的时代为早古生代。上述特征与区域上发育板块碰撞带,且北部发育高压榴辉岩和蓝片岩的构造部位以及该构造变形带的演化历史相吻合。