低纬高原城市冬季南北朝向室内温湿特征的初步分析

通过对低纬城市－昆明冬季室内、外气温观测资料的分析，探讨了不同天气下南北朝室内的气温、湿度特征。得出昆明地区冬季各种天气状况下室内最低气温和日均气温的增温效应均十分显著，与庭院相比，南向室内的增温幅度为7．7－10．0℃和4．6－5．8℃；北向室内为4．6－7．0℃和1．3－4．4℃；最高气温南向室内高于室外，而北向室内一般低于室外。另外，建筑物不但可维持较高的室同温度，而且减缓了室内气温的变化幅度，不论南向室内还是北向室内，气温日较差均小于室外，变幅仅为室外的40％－48％（南向）和20％－30％（北向），且最高气温出现时间比室外约迟2小时，显示了建筑物内温度变化的惰性。研究还得出南向室内相对湿度均小于北向，南北差异以晴天最大，阴天最小。室内相对湿度的日变化特征为夜间湿度大，变化小，昼间湿度小，变化大。以上结果可为低纬城市气候的深入研究，建筑的合理设计提供科学基础。     

Satellite retrieval of hurricane wind speeds using the AMSR2 microwave radiometer

The AMSR2 microwave radiometer is the main payload of the GCOM-W1 satellite,launched by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency in 2012. Based on the pre-launch information extraction algorithm,the AMSR2 enables remote monitoring of geophysical parameters such as sea surface temperature,wind speed,water vapor,and liquid cloud water content. However,rain alters the properties of atmospheric scattering and absorption,which contaminates the brightness temperatures measured by the microwave radiometer. Therefore,it is difficult to retrieve AMSR2-derived sea surface wind speeds under rainfall conditions. Based on microwave radiative transfer theory,and using AMSR2 L1 brightness temperature data obtained in August 2012 and NCEP reanalysis data,we studied the sensitivity of AMSR2 brightness temperatures to rain and wind speed,from which a channel combination of brightness temperature was established that is insensitive to rainfall,but sensitive to wind speed. Using brightness temperatures obtained with the proposed channel combination as input parameters,in conjunction with HRD wind field data,and adopting multiple linear regression and BP neural network methods,we established an algorithm for hurricane wind speed retrieval under rainfall conditions. The results showed that the standard deviation and relative error of retrievals,obtained using the multiple linear regression algorithm,were 3.1 m/s and 13%,respectively. However,the standard deviation and relative error of retrievals obtained using the BP neural network algorithm were better(2.1 m/s and 8%,respectively). Thus,the results of this paper preliminarily verified the feasibility of using microwave radiometers to extract sea surface wind speeds under rainfall conditions.     

基于DXF的数字地图投影与坐标系转换方法研究

常用的地形图采用的是高斯投影（陆上地形图）或墨卡托（海图）投影制成，由于实际应用的需要，有时需要同一区域在不同的投影条件甚至是不同坐标系统下的地形图。利用AUTOCAD的DXF接口文件，采用高级语言编写程序，可以快速、精确地实现不同投影和坐标系统下的数字地图间的自由转换。     

2002年塔里木河流域"四源一干"地表径流情势

2002年塔河流域内平原及山区气温都明显偏高, 平原降水偏多, 山区降水略偏多.3～10月 0 ℃层高度接近常年.塔里木河4条源流出山口天然径流量273.9×108m3, 比多年平均值227.0×108m3多46.9×108m3, 偏多20.7%, 属丰水年.其中发源于天山山脉的阿克苏河和开都河-孔雀河径流增幅大, 水量充沛, 属丰水年; 而发源于喀喇昆仑山脉的叶尔羌河和源于西昆仑山的和田河径流量保持多年均值年.4条源流入塔里木河水量为54.82×108m3.在塔里木河干流上游段耗水量25.42×108m3, 是干流最大的耗水区段, 中游段耗水量24.55×108m3, 下游段耗水量7.38×108m3.上、中游区间耗水量49.97×108m3, 占阿拉尔站年径流量的90.8%.从7月20日至11月10日共计114 d由博斯腾湖向塔里木河下游生态应急输水, 从博斯腾湖调水12.67×108m3, 恰拉水库分水闸向塔里木河输水2.339×108m3, 大西海子水库下泄3.313×108m3, 年内台特玛湖形成了28.74 km2的水域面积, 下游沿河地下水位普遍回升, 影响范围达800 km2, 生态效益十分显著.     

蒙古扁桃种子雨散布及种子萌发特性研究

以蒙古扁桃（Amygdalus mongolica Maxim）种群和种子为研究材料,通过物理特性、休眠特性、萌发特性的研究,探讨种群致濒因素。结果表明,蒙古扁桃种子比重、体积和千粒重大,散布时间较集中,散布格局是聚集型散布,散布主要依靠自身重力,靠动物散布和水力作用的散布,使种子能传播较远的距离。制约种子萌发的主要因素是种皮障碍和生理休眠（10%）,采用35 ℃条件下处理72 h后机械破除果皮可破除种子休眠,种子低温（2~5 ℃）层积处理能极显著（P <0.01）提高活力,种子变温（5~10 ℃）层积能极显著（P <0.01）提高发芽率和活力,种子萌发对光照不敏感。蒙古扁桃种子休眠较浅,种子萌发所需温度较低,冬前进入土壤库的种子迅速萌发,因不能度过严冬而死亡,是致濒的主要原因。封冻时进入土壤库的种子,在种皮保护下越冬,仍有很高成苗率,开展人工繁育是拯救蒙古扁桃资源的直接措施。     

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF INDOOR FEATURES OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY FOR ROOMS FACING NORTH-SOUTH IN WINTER IN A LOW-LATITUDE PLATEAU CITY

Analyzing observations of wintertime air temperature in both indoor and outdoor surroundings in Kunming, a city lying in low latitudes, characteristics of temperature and humidity have been studied for the interior of rooms facing north-south under different weather conditions. Significant warming effect has been identified in terms of lowest and daily-mean indoor temperature in the area of Kunming. The heating amplitude ranges from 7.7°C to 10.0°C and from 4.6°C to 5.8°C for the interior part of rooms facing the south and from 4.6°C to 7.0°C and from 1.3°C to 4.4°C for the interior part of rooms facing the north, respectively for the two elements. The highest air temperature is higher indoor than outdoor for rooms facing the south, but otherwise is usually true for rooms facing the north. Additional findings point out that buildings not only help maintain relatively warm indoor temperature but delay its variation. The diurnal cycle of temperature indoor is smaller and ranges by 40% ~ 48% for south-facing rooms, and by 20% ~ 30% for north-facing rooms, than outdoor, and the highest temperature is about 2 hours late inside the room than outside. It shows how inertly indoor temperature varies. The work also finds that relative humidity is less indoor in southward rooms than in northward ones and difference is the largest on fine days but the smallest when it is overcast. For the diurnal variation, the indoor relative humidity is large at nighttime with small amplitude but small during daytime with large amplitude. The above-presented results can be served as scientific foundation for more research on climate in low-latitude cities and rational design of urban architectures.     

电磁波层析成像技术在金矿探测中的应用

随着地层学层析成像技术的出现,使钻孔电磁波法增加了新的内容.电磁波同声波、地震波一样,也作为一种透射波引用到层析成像技术中,本文探讨了将电磁波井间层析成像技术用于探查石英脉金矿床.层析图像清晰地揭示了被测巷道间的岩性分层结构和石英脉的展布.表明电磁波层折成像探测可以应用于石英脉型金矿.     

高密度电阻率法的应用技术研究

高密度电阻率法是近几年来在水文、工程地质物探中应用的一种新方法，该方法能较详细地揭示地质体的分布状况。通过我们在几个工程场地应用效果来看，该方法在查找细微地质体方面较为理想，是其它方法难以相比的。     

1956-2006年阿克苏河径流变化及其对区域水资源安全的可能影响

应用新疆塔里木河流域天山南坡阿克苏河流域1956-2006年的实测径流资料, 分析了阿克苏河流域各支流径流变化的特征与趋势. 结果表明, 近50 a来, 阿克苏河流域径流量呈显著的增加趋势, 其中冰川融水是其主要贡献量. 径流量在1994年发生了增多的跃变, 原因可能是气温持续升高引起冰川消融径流急剧增多, 导致以冰川融水补给为主的河流径流量大增. 这种趋势能够持续多久, 取决于未来的气候变化及流域上游冰川系统的响应. 随着冰川的加剧退缩和较小冰川的消失, 短期内会给阿克苏河流域带来丰富的水资源;但是随着冰川补给峰值过后径流量逐渐减小, 将会给塔里木河流域带来严重的水资源和生态安全问题. 冰川的强烈退缩, 还会带来一系列的洪水灾害问题.     

An explicit finite element method for dy—namic analysis in three—medium coupling system and its application

In this paper,an explicit finite element method to analyze the dynamic responses of three-medium coupled systems with any terrain is developed on the basis of the numerical simulation of the continuous conditions on the bounda-ries among fluid saturated porous medium,elastic single-phase medium and ideal fluid medium.This method is a very effective one with the characteristic of high calculating speed and small memory needed because the formulae for this explicit finite element method have the characteristic of decoupling,and which does not need to solve sys-tem of linear equations.The method is applied to analyze the dynamic response of a reservoir with considering the dynamic interactions among water,dam,sediment and basement rock.The vertical displacement at the top point of the dam is calculated and some conclusions are given.