一个灵活的海洋——大气耦合环流模式

Based on the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Climate System Model version 1(CSM-1), a Flexible coupled General Circulation Model version 0 (FGCM-0) is developed in this study through replacing CSM-1＇s oceanic component model with IAP L30T63 global oceanic general circulation model and some necessary modifications of the other component models. After the coupled model FGCM--0 is spun up for dozens of years, it has been run for 60 years without flux correction. The model does not only show the reasonable long-term mean climatology, but also reproduce a lot of features of the interannual variability of climate, e.g. the ENSO-like events in the tropical Pacific Ocean and the dipole mode pattern in the tropical Indian Ocean. Comparing FGCM-0 with the NCAR CSM-1, some common features are found, e.g. the overestimation of sea ice in the North Pacific and the simulated double ITCZ etc.The further analyses suggest that they may be attributed to errors in the atmospheric model.     

两类ENSO事件赤道太平洋次表层海温异常的演变特征

基于美国马里兰大学提供的海洋同化(SODA)月平均资料,用个例和合成分析方法,剖析了两类ENSO事件赤道太平洋海温异常演变特征。结果指出,东部型ENSO事件的初始海温异常源来自赤道西太平洋次表层,海温异常中心沿气候温跃层向东向上传送,至赤道东太平洋表层形成ENSO事件。东部型ENSO冷暖事件互为初始场,在形成某一位相的ENSO事件的过程中也同时为相反位相的ENSO事件准备条件。中部型ENSO事件的初始海温异常源出现在赤道中太平洋次表层,海温异常中心沿气候温跃层向东向上传送至赤道中东太平洋表层形成ENSO事件。中部型ENSO事件多在前次事件减弱中断后出现。     

利用ARGO资料改进ENSO和我国夏季降水气候预测

全球海洋ARGO资料的获取为气候预测的研究提供了前所未有的海洋资料。该文首先利用ARGO资料改进次表层参数化方案后的Zebiak-Cane海洋模式, 与统计大气模式耦合, 建立了热带动力海洋-统计大气耦合模式。通过比较应用和未应用ARGO资料改进的海洋模式, 进行了耦合模式的长期回报试验。结果表明:ARGO资料的应用极大地改善了耦合模式对热带太平洋海面温度异常的预测能力, 提前3个月和6个月的回报结果都有很大的改进, 基本上回报出了Ni?o3.4区海面温度异常的演变特征, 对厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜都能够给出较准确的回报, 回报结果与观测之间的相关性在整个热带太平洋区域明显提高。该文还利用国家气候中心 (NCC) 全球海气耦合模式, 对我国夏季降水进行了个例和多年季度回报模拟试验, 探讨了包含和不包含ARGO观测资料的同化资料作为初始场对我国夏季降水预测的影响, 表明采用带有ARGO观测资料的海洋同化初始场, 回报的我国夏季降水分布形式与观测更一致, 回报结果与观测之间的正相关区域变大, 对我国夏季降水的回报水平比采用没有ARGO观测资料的海洋同化初始场时有明显提高。     

RELATION BETWEEN SUMMER TYPHOON FREQUENCY ANOMALIES IN WEST PACIFIC AND ENSO EVENTS AND THE ANOMALOUS ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION CHARACTERISTICS

By using data of serially numbered typhoons in northwestern Pacific and NOAA OLR data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data of wind field, based on the statistics and study of the relationship between the calendar years with more (or fewer) summer typhoons and ENSO events, we compared the composites of OLR eigenvectors and tropical summer wind fields during El Nino and La Nina events with more or fewer than normal summer typhoons, respectively. The results show that, in summer, without remarkable systematic anomalies of Mascarene High and Australia High in South Hemisphere, the anomaly of Walker circulation will dominate and follow the rule of ENSO impacts to atmospheric circulation and typhoon frequency. Otherwise, when systematic anomalies of Australia High appear during the El Nino events, circulation anomalies in the South Hemisphere will dominate, and many more typhoons will occur. In 1999, which is a special year of La Nina events, northward and eastward monsoon was induced by the stronger Mascarene High, and fewer typhoons arose. The typhoon source are regions where weak vertical wind shear, warm pool in western Pacific and the area with monsoon troughs are overlapping with each other. Finally, this paper analyzes and compares the source locations and ranges of more (fewer) typhoons in the events of El Nino and La Nina, respectively.     

多因子和多尺度合成中国夏季降水预测模型及预报试验

根据青藏高原60个站平均的月积雪深度、热带太平洋Nino 3区月海温和中国160个站月降水量等资料,用小波变换和相关分析,分析了1958～1998年秋冬季青藏高原异常雪盖与El Nino-南方涛动(ENSO)的关系、多时间尺度变化的特征及其与中国夏季降水的相关型式.并取青藏高原积雪和Nino 3区海温的年际变化、年代际变化和线性趋势三种不同时间尺度的小波分量作为预报因子,对我国夏季降水距平作线性回归,建立了相应的预测模型.最后,利用1999～2002年的独立资料进行了预报试验,并在2003年和2004年应用于实际预报.研究表明,青藏高原雪盖与ENSO这两个物理因子彼此具有一定的独立性.它们都是多时间尺度现象,并与中国夏季降水有较好的关系.在不同时间尺度上不仅有不同的相关型式,而且相对贡献也有变化.回归预测模型的拟合情况和预报试验表明,综合考虑前期秋冬季青藏高原雪盖和ENSO这两个物理因子的年际变化、年代际变化和线性趋势作为预报因子建立的预测我国夏季降水距平分布的模型,有一定的预报能力.     

ENSO对印度洋偶极子与中国秋季降水关系的影响

利用1950--1999年Hadley中心全球海温资料、NCEP／NCAR再分析资料和中国气象局整编的160站降水资料，通过讨论印度洋偶极子（IOD）独立发生时及IOD与ENSO联合发生时中国秋季降水的差异，研究了ENSO对IOD与中国秋季降水关系的影响。结果表明：仅有IOD发生时，其正位相年使得中国西南地区和黄河流域的秋季降水出现正异常，而当IOD与ENSO伴随出现时，IOD正位相年和E1Nino使得中国西南地区秋季降水正异常区域维持并向东扩展，还使得黄河流域秋季降水转为负异常。此外分析了ENSO改变IOD与中国秋季降水关系的环流成因。     

东北夏季气温变异的区域差异及其与大气环流和海表温度的关系

利用1951～2000年中国东北地区23个台站资料，对东北夏季气温的时空分布进行了研究，发现其变化除具有整体的一致性外，东北南部和北部的夏季气温在年际和年代际时间尺度都表现出很大不同，其中北部区域的夏季气温在1987～1988年间发生了一次显著的气候突变. 另外，剔除夏季气温全区一致变化的年份后，南北两区夏季气温与大气环流和海表温度的关系表明：突变前，影响北部和南部冷/热夏季的大气环流形势存在显著的不同，关键海域亦有很大差异：影响南部的为中纬度西太平洋和印度洋部分海域，影响北部的主要为ENSO事件；突变后，两区的夏季气温及相应大气环流和关键海区都趋于一致. 在整个分析时段内，北部夏季气温与东亚夏季风存在显著负相关，而南部的关系则不明显.     

西北地区3-9月降水量与ENSO的联系

利用1950-2005年全球陆地月平均降水资料,分析了中国西北地区3-9月平均降水量(Rm)与ENSO的统计关系.结果表明:在全球变暖背景下,厄尔尼诺当年(次年)西北地区Rm偏少(偏多)的关系依然稳定存在,并且随着全球增暖,该关系表现得更稳定.西北地区,尤其是西北地区东部是同纬度带主要干旱半干旱区中Rm与ENSO联系最紧密、最稳定的区域.北半球主要干旱半干旱区中,厄尔尼诺当年Rm偏少,次年Rm偏多的关系仅存在于中国北部地区.我国西北地区东部厄尔尼诺事件当年(次年)Rm偏少(偏多),我国西北地区西部38°N以南厄尔尼诺事件当年(次年)Rm偏多(偏少),存在着明显的东西部差异.     

外热带大气扰动对ENSO的影响

合成分析了20世纪80年代以来5次主要的ENSO事件，发现外热带大气扰动通过经向风异常不仅对ENSO的发生起到重要的触发作用，而且影响到ENSO的发展和衰减. 因此，尽管ENSO对外热带大气扰动有影响，但同时外热带大气扰动又与ENSO有相互作用. 在ENSO发生前，南印度洋中纬度为反气旋异常，并通过Rossby波的频散作用加强了澳大利亚附近的反气旋异常；同时，澳大利亚东部沿海的南风异常与菲律宾附近的北风异常在赤道辐合，促进了赤道西太平洋西风异常的爆发和其后ENSO的发生. 在ENSO发生之后，东南太平洋上的气旋异常及相关的南风异常进一步增强了赤道中东太平洋的西风异常和ENSO的发展. 当ENSO达到成熟时，澳大利亚东部的反气旋异常东移，使东南太平洋的气旋异常减弱，南方涛动型环流异常亦随之减弱；同时，阿留申气旋异常加强，尤其是副热带北太平洋的风场异常可加强赤道中东太平洋海水的涌升，使该地区海表温度降低，加速ENSO的消亡.     

INTERDECADAL VARIATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENSO AND SUMMER INTERANNUAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN CHINA

Interdecadal variation of the relationships between ENSO and the summer interannual climate variability in China is investigated by using techniques of sliding correlation analysis with the tropical Pacific SSTA and the observed surface air temperature and precipitation from stations in China. The results indicate that there are stable and robust relations that the Northern China is relatively dry during the developing phase of ENSO while the Yangtze River valley is relatively wet during the decaying phase of ENSO. On the other hand, interdecadal variations of the relations are also found in other regions. Over the time both prior to the Pacific decadal climate shift (before the late 1970s) and after it (after the late 1970s), during the developing phases of ENSO the summer precipitation anomaly in South China changed from below to above normal, whereas that in Northeast China changed from above to below normal; the summer surface air temperature anomaly in North and Northeast China changed from cooling to warming, whereas that in South China changed to cooling; during the decaying phases of ENSO the North China changed from wetter to dryer while the Huai River valley changed from dryer to normal; North China, Yangtze River valley and South China tend to be warmer. Based on the composite analysis of the NCAR/NCEP reanalyze datasets, significant differences existing in ENSO-related atmospheric circulation anomaly in East Asia during pre- and post-shift periods may be responsible for the interdecadal variation of relationships between ENSO and surface air temperature and precipitation in China.