强迫耗散正压大气中四波共振

本文首次研究了含Ekman摩擦和非绝热加热的四波共振动力学．使用新的双时间尺度和新的时间变换式，由四波共振的广义Landau方程，导得普遍的非线性低频周期解，Ekman摩擦使得低频周期具有滞后和突变返回两个重要特征，而非绝热加热作用与中高纬准双周振荡有关，中高纬的30－50天振荡则与自由Rossby波准共振有关．本文还研究了四波共振产生的爆发性不稳定，指出较大振幅波产生的爆发性不稳定可能是阻塞迅速形成的又一重要原因，还首次得到在正压大气中Ekman摩擦能够激发爆发性不稳定．本文结果纠正了Craik于1985年提出的在流体力学中广泛应用的两个错误论断．     

非线性正压临界不稳定

文中提出了一个新的广义能量作为Lyapunov函数,导出了包含两个联立不等式的一种新的非线性正压稳定性判据.并指出其中一个不等式是初始扰动振幅小于某一临界值,另一个则是摩擦系数大于另一临界值,前者对后者有很强的约束.该判据表明,在实际大气中对于有限振幅扰动容易产生正压亚临界不稳定,它大大地改进了以前的结果.     

非线性正压亚临界不稳定

文中提出了一个新的广义能量作为 L yapunov函数 ,导出了包含两个联立不等式的一种新的非线性正压稳定性判据。并指出其中一个不等式是初始扰动振幅小于某一临界值 ,另一个则是摩擦系数大于另一临界值 ,前者对后者有很强的约束。该判据表明 ,在实际大气中对于有限振幅扰动容易产生正压亚临界不稳定 ,它大大地改进了以前的结果     

大气自由模与长江中下游地区入梅的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,用拟牛顿法通过菱形15波截断的谱方法对无强迫无耗散的正压涡度方程进行数值求解,得到1987—2006年共20a夏季的逐日定常自由模。由此诊断分析得到,自由模态中副高的第一次北跳日期一般超前于实际流场中副高的第一次北跳日期,而且超前于实际的入梅日期;丰梅年,自由模态中副高的第一次北跳比实际副高的第一次北跳平均提前9.3d,比实际入梅日期提前8～14d,平均提前10.3d;枯梅年,自由模态中副高的第一次北跳比实际副高的第一次北跳平均提前2d,比实际入梅日期提前2～5d,平均提前3.6d。这对长江中下游地区的梅雨预报有较好的参考作用。     

A STUDY ON THE IMPACTS OF LATENT HEAT PARAMETERIZATION SCHEME ON PREDICTION SKILL OF ENSO WITH A SIMPLE OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE COUPLED

This study revises Weare’s latent heat parameterization scheme and conducts an associated theoretic analysis. The revised Weare’s scheme is found to present potentially better results than Zebiak’s scheme. The Zebiak-Cane coupled ocean-atmosphere model, initialized by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis of wind stress anomaly at 925 hPa, is referred to as the ZCW coupled model. The atmosphere models of the ZCW coupled model that use Zebiak’s scheme and the revised Weare’s scheme are referred to as the ZCW0 and ZCWN atmosphere models, respectively. The coupled ocean-atmosphere models that use Zebiak’s scheme and the revised Weare’s scheme are referred to as the ZCW0and ZCWN coupled models, respectively. The simulations between the ZCW0 and ZCWN atmosphere models and between the ZCW0 and ZCWN coupled models are analyzed. The results include: (1) The evolution of heat, meridional wind and divergence anomalies simulated by similar ZCW0 and ZCWN atmosphere models, although the magnitudes of the former are larger than those of the latter; (2) The prediction skill of the Ni?o3 index from 1982 to 1999 by the ZCWN coupled model shows improvement compared with those by the ZCW0 coupled model; (3) The analysis of El Ni?o events in 1982/1983, 1986/1987, and 1997/1998 and La Ni?a events in 1984/1985, 1988/1989, and 1998/2000 suggests that the ZCWN coupled model is better than the ZCW0 coupled model in predicting warm event evolution and cold event generation. The results also show the disadvantage of the ZCWN coupled model for predicting El Ni?o     

GRAPES-Meso云分析系统的设计与试验

研究应用LAPS(Local Analysis and Prediction System)云分析方案,基于美国"风暴分析预报中心"开发的中尺度模式ARPS(Advanced Regional Prediction System)的资料分析系统ADAS(ARPS Data Analysis System),开发了GRAPES-Meso(Mesoscale of the Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)区域中尺度数值预报模式的云分析系统,首次实现了地面云观测资料、卫星云图、多普勒雷达反射率资料在GRAPRS模式中的综合同化应用。详尽分析了地面云观测资料、卫星红外云图、可见光云图、多普勒雷达反射率多种观测资料对GRAPES模式初始三维云覆盖、多相混合比等云微物理因子以及初始场的调整。通过对2009年6月28日至7月4日湖南省一次强降水过程的模拟试验检验云分析系统的性能,对比分析表明:(1)云分析系统通过地面云观测资料、卫星红外云图、可见光云图、多普勒雷达反射率的同化,能够反演出三维云覆盖状况;(2)在三维云覆盖的基础上结合云底云顶高度,能够反演出云水、雨水、云冰等微粒,并显著改善模式初始湿度场;(3)云分析系统能够显著缩短模式的热启动时间,明显增大了开始几小时的降水量预报,对24小时的降水预报效果也有显著改善。     

凝结潜热与地表热通量对一次西南低涡暴雨影响分析

利用PSU/NCAR的非静力中尺度MM5V3模式,对2004年9月四川省及重庆市一次特大暴雨过程进行了凝结潜热与地表热通量的敏感性试验,结果表明:凝结加热与地表热通量通过影响中尺度系统环境场的高低空急流、高低层辐合辐散等动力、热力条件,从而影响中尺度系统的发展以及中尺度暴雨的发生。     

近46 a重庆汛期极端降水量异常特征

利用重庆33站1961-2006年汛期（5-9月）逐日降水资料,定义了不同台站的极端降水阈值,统计出了不同台站近46a逐年汛期极端降水量,并进行时空分布特征分析。结果表明：重庆地区汛期极端降水量空间分布差异明显,一致性异常分布特征是最主要空间模态,空间分布可分为5个主要区域;各区代表站汛期极端降水量占总降水量的比重相当大;从长期变化趋势来看,整个重庆地区近46a来汛期极端降水变化趋势不显著;各区汛期极端降水主要存在着2—3a、5a左右的年际变化和11a左右的年代际振荡。     

20 TO 30-DAY AND 30 TO 60-DAY OSCILLATIONS IN ASSIMILATED GLOBAL DATASETS USING TRMM RAINFALL OBSERVATIONS

The influences of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation products on the structure and underlying physics of intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) are investigated with the U.S.National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Earth Observing System model version 3 (GEOS-3) data assimilation system (DAS).The strong ISO phase in the 1998 summer is apparently located in the Asian monsoon region and the east equatorial Pacific region.The eastward propagation is a dominant feature for the tropical ISO at 20 to 30-day oscillation while the northeastward propagation is the salient ISO at 30 to 60-day oscillation over the 10°N to 25°N belt region.It appears that the Kelvin wave structure is for the tropical 20 to 30-day oscillation.The tropical 30 to 60-day oscillation has the characteristics of the Kelvin-Rossby wave.The impact of satellite-derived precipitation (and its associated latent heating) on the ISO intensity is limited in the GEOS-3 assimilation system.However,its impact on the ISO spatial structures is obvious.Overall,the results demonstrate a better eastward propagation and a northward propagation of ISO with the TRMM precipitation simulation,indicating that latent heating is very important in exciting the equatorial ISO.