海面溢油光学卫星遥感监测能力分析

 海面溢油对海洋生态的影响具有频率高、范围广和危害大的特点。卫星遥感已成为海面溢油监测的重要手段。本文从海面油膜光谱特性出发,与常用的光学卫星传感器建立对应关系,根据对不同光学遥感卫星的空间分辨率、时间分辨率、幅宽和波段数等主要物理参数的对比分析认为,MODIS传感器和HJ-1卫星有较强的海面溢油监测能力。故此,采用MODIS、BJ-1、HJ-1和FY-3光学卫星影像,对2006年3月和2011年6月渤海海面溢油污染事故进行了遥感监测。MODIS遥感图像可以清晰反映出2006年和2011年这2次溢油污染事故中海面油膜信息,HJ-1卫星遥感影像则能反映出2011年溢油污染事故中海面油膜信息,而BJ-1和FY-3卫星遥感影像不能反映出海面油膜信息。HJ-1、BJ-1和FY-3卫星在波段设置上相似,但是,BJ-1和FY-3卫星不能反映出油膜信息,所以,本文进一步对这2次溢油事件中的MODIS遥感影像的油水光谱反差和海水光谱方差进行计算,并对结果进行比较分析,实验结果表明,当MODIS某一波段的海水光谱方差小于油水光谱反差时,则该波段可以显示出油膜信息;而当油水光谱反差小于或接近海水方差时,则不能反映出海面油膜信息。从波谱响应、空间分辨率和时间分辨率,以及监测实例中说明MODIS传感器有较强的海面溢油监测能力。     

多时相TM影像决策树模型的水稻识别提取

决策树模型的多时相TM影像的小尺度水稻信息提取在我国还鲜有研究。为此,本文利用水稻生长在潮湿土壤这一特性,选取TM影像中对植物含水量和土壤湿度反应敏感的短波红外波段(1.55~1.75μm),以及反映植物覆盖率、植物长势的红光波段(0.62~0.69μm)和近红外波段(0.76~0.96μm),计算水稻移栽期、灌浆期和成熟期3个时期的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和土壤含水量指数(LSWI),提出一种时间差异的决策树水稻提取模型,以唐山市滦南县南部区域为例开展了研究。经过野外实地验证表明:该模型能有效区分出水域、玉米和菜地等较易与水稻混淆的地物,水稻提取的生产者精度和用户精度分别为95.18%和98.84%,分别比单一时相高出6.78%和7.54%。     

Web-based spatiotemporal visualization of marine environment data

With long-term marine surveys and research, and especially with the development of new marine environment monitoring technologies, prodigious amounts of complex marine environmental data are generated, and continuously increase rapidly. Features of these data include massive volume, widespread distribution, multiple-sources, heterogeneous, multi-dimensional and dynamic in structure and time. The present study recommends an integrative visualization solution for these data, to enhance the visual display of data and data archives, and to develop a joint use of these data distributed among different organizations or communities. This study also analyses the web services technologies and defines the concept of the marine information gird, then focuses on the spatiotemporal visualization method and proposes a process-oriented spatiotemporal visualization method. We discuss how marine environmental data can be organized based on the spatiotemporal visualization method, and how organized data are represented for use with web services and stored in a reusable fashion. In addition, we provide an original visualization architecture that is integrative and based on the explored technologies. In the end, we propose a prototype system of marine environmental data of the South China Sea for visualizations of Argo floats, sea surface temperature fields, sea current fields, salinity, in-situ investigation data, and ocean stations. An integration visualization architecture is illustrated on the prototype system, which highlights the process-oriented temporal visualization method and demonstrates the benefit of the architecture and the methods described in this study.     

海洋信息网格服务平台的设计与实现

本文针对海洋信息的分布性、信息类型及格式的多样性、数据的海量性,以及数据处理的计算量大等特性,对地理信息系统、网格技术、Web服务技术,以及远程可视化技术等进行了综合研究。首先,探讨了海洋信息网格服务平台构建的关键技术,包括海洋信息网格技术、网格环境下海洋信息的集成方法,以及远程可视化技术,并提出了海洋信息网格服务平台的系统架构;其次,选定南海海域为实验区,以Argo数据、海温和海流数据为实验数据,实现了海洋信息网格服务平台原型系统。该平台可以集成异构、分布式环境中的数据服务和应用服务,为用户提供透明的、"一站式"的海洋环境信息Web应用。该系统为海洋用户充分利用各种海洋环境信息,提高海洋工作的效率,减少重复性投资、充分合理利用现有设备和资源提供了借鉴。同时实验表明,本文所提出的技术路线是可行和正确的。     

南海中尺度涡的演化过程与行为追踪:一种基于全局最邻近滤波的方法

The eddy tracking approach is developed using the global nearest neighbor filter(GNNF) to investigate the evolution processes and behaviors of mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea(SCS). Combining the Kalman filter and optimal data association technologies, the GNNF algorithm is able to reduce pairing errors to 0.2% in tracking synthetic eddy tracks, outperforming other existing methods. A total of 4 913 eddy tracks that last more than a week are obtained by the GNNF during 1993–2012. The analysis of a growth and a decay based on 3 445 simple eddy tracks show that eddy radius, amplitude, and vorticity smoothly increase during the first half of lifetime and decline during the second half following a parabola opening downwards. The genesis of eddies mainly clusters northwest and southwest of Luzon Island whereas the dissipations concentrate the Xisha Islands where the underwater bay traps and terminates eddies. West of the Luzon Strait, northwest of Luzon Island, and southeast of Vietnam are regions where eddy splits and mergers are frequently observed. Short disappearances mainly distribute in the first two regions. Moreover, eddy splits generally result in a decrease of the radius and the amplitude whereas eddy mergers induce growing up. Eddy intensity and vorticity, on the contrary, are strengthened in the eddy splits and diminished in mergers.     

地学关联规则与时空推理的渔业分析应用

在阐述地学关联规则背景的同时,对地学关联规则作了分类:即空间特征规则、空间区别规则、空间关联规则和时空关联规则。并给出了时空关联规则的数学定义,分析了各指标的意义和对规则提取的影响。进一步对地学关联规则所处理的数据抽象层次、地学数据维数、变量类别和空间配置四方面,进行了剖析和分类。基于规则中数据的抽象层次,将其分为单层关联规则和跨层关联规则;基于规则中涉及到的地学数据维数,将其分为单维关联规则和多维关联规则;基于规则中处理变量的类别,将其分为布尔型和数值型;基于空间配置,将其分为局部关联规则和邻域关联规则。最后,结合海洋渔业的实例,论述了关联规则在时空推理过程中的步骤和方法。     

海洋地理信息系统理论基础及其关键技术研究

海洋地理信息系统(MGIS)具有时空处理的强大能力,并在应用上具有潜在优势.以提取海洋现象特征为例,对其在海洋科学中的位置和作用进行了剖析,进而比较分析了MGIS不同于陆地地理信息系统的特殊理论技术的需求,从而定义其功能体系结构.结合所构建的MGIS,详细阐述在本系统创建中主要的理论技术关键,由此展示MGIS对我国海洋调查、研究、资源开发和保护以及国防建设等工作具有的重要意义.     

台风时空过程的网络动态分析技术与示例

网络技术的发展为实时动态地显示时空过程信息和在线分析提供了可能,也为气象海洋等灾害性过程的预警和防灾决策支持提供了可能;另一方面,随着网络的普及化,公众对GIS时空分析模型的网络实时集成和可视化表达提出了迫切需求。本文在分析网络GIS最新发展趋势的基础上,针对时空过程的动态特性,探讨了时空过程网络实时动态查询、分析和可视化的技术方法,并以台风过程为代表,设计了适合网络环境的台风过程数据的有效组织形式和直观的表达方式,构建了一个台风过程网络系统原型,具备了时空过程查询、可视化、简单的空间分析等功能,实现了台风过境的时空影响网络在线分析。系统基于ArcGIS Server在.NET环境下实现。实践证明本文提出的时空过程网络动态技术,可快捷地实现时空过程信息的网络发布、过程的在线影响分析及其时空动态可视化,可为台风、海啸等灾害性过程的信息提供和灾害评价等提供空间技术支持。     

利用空间信息网格的海流场远程可视化

结合海洋科学的发展,分析了海流场数据远程可视化共享的应用需求;利用Web服务技术及空间信息网格技术,提出了海流场数据远程可视化的逻辑架构及实现方法;在ArcGIS Server平台上实现了B/S架构的海流场远程可视化应用平台。实验表明,利用空间信息网格可以屏蔽海流场数据的分布性、异构性,实现数据的实时动态可视化共享。     

基于粗糙集理论的地学空间关系规则分析及其应用——以珠江三角洲为例

Spatial relations,reflecting the complex association between geographical phenomena and environments,are very important in the solution of geographical issues. Different spatial relations can be expressed by indicators which are useful for the analysis of geographical issues. Urbanization,an important geographical issue,is considered in this paper. The spatial relationship indicators concerning urbanization are expressed with a decision table. Thereafter,the spatial relationship indicator rules are extracted based on the application of rough set theory. The extraction process of spatial relationship indicator rules is illustrated with data from the urban and rural areas of Shenzhen and Hong Kong,located in the Pearl River Delta. Land use vector data of 1995 and 2000 are used. The extracted spatial relationship indicator rules of 1995 are used to identify the urban and rural areas in Zhongshan,Zhuhai and Macao. The identification accuracy is approximately 96.3%. Similar procedures are used to extract the spatial relationship indicator rules of 2000 for the urban and rural areas in Zhongshan,Zhuhai and Macao. An identification accuracy of about 83.6% is obtained.