华南暴雨及中尺度对流系统发展对土壤湿度的敏感性

采用WRF及其耦合的Noah LSM陆面过程模式,通过对发生在2009年3月28日（个例1）和2010年5月6日（个例2）两次暴雨过程的24 h模拟,研究了华南暴雨及中尺度对流系统（MCS）发展对初始土壤湿度（SM）的敏感性问题。首先采用源自NCEP-FNL和NASA-GLDAS的两种不同SM资料驱动模式进行对比试验,在此基础上,以NASA-GLDAS资料模拟结果为控制试验,通过不同程度（20%、60%）增减初始SM开展多个敏感性试验。对比试验分析表明,两种资料应用对24 h累积降水分布的模拟结果影响不大,但某种程度上可影响降水量的大小。预报技巧评分结果表明,采用NASA-GLDAS SM资料进行模拟得到的结果比采用NCEP-FNL SM资料的模拟结果有所改进,尤其是50 mm以上的暴雨预报,TS评分最大可提高5%。敏感性试验分析发现,两次暴雨过程降水与SM之间主要呈正反馈作用,但其表现出的特征不完全相同。暴雨过程中MCS的组织发展形式对SM与降水之间的反馈作用有影响,具有午后局地降水性质、对流组织性发展较弱的个例1,SM增大仅引起微弱的降水增多,SM减少则明显导致降水强度减弱,降水对SM的减少更为敏感;而具有持续降水性质、对流组织性发展较强的个例2,降水对SM的增大更为敏感,SM增大可带来更明显的降水增多。此外还发现,对流系统不同发展阶段的这种反馈作用也存在差异,MCS组织性发展较弱的个例,强的反馈作用主要出现在对流发展初期阶段,而MCS组织性发展较好的个例,强的反馈作用则主要出现在对流系统发展后期。      

陆地摩擦对登陆热带气旋路径和强度影响的模拟研究

采用准地转正压涡度方程模式，对地形强迫和陆地摩擦作用下登陆热带气旋的路径和强度进行了模拟研究。模拟结果表明：在考虑地形摩擦耗散作用时，热带气旋可能出现路径的突然偏折；在热带气旋强度比较弱而陆地摩擦作用比较强的情况下，热带气旋路径容易发生突然偏折，且其强度的突然变化不明显；陆地摩擦作用可能是造成登陆前后热带气旋路径突然偏折的一个重要因素。     

THE INFLUENCE OF CLOUD PARAMETERIZATION ADJUSTMENT USING REFLECTIVITY OF DOPPLER ON NOWCASTING WITH GRAPES MODEL

In this study, we attempted to improve the nowcasting of GRAPES model by adjusting the model initial field through modifying the cloud water, rain water and vapor as well as revising vapor-following rain water. The results show that the model nowcasting is improved when only the cloud water and rain water are adjusted or all of the cloud water, rain water and vapor are adjusted in the initial field. The forecasting of the former （latter） approach during 0-3 （0-6） hours is significantly improved. Furthermore, for the forecast for 0-3 hours, the latter approach is better than the former. Compared with the forecasting results for which the vapor of the model initial field is adjusted by the background vapor with those by the revised vapor, the nowcasting of the revised vapor is much better than that of background vapor. Analysis of the reasons indicated that when the vapor is adjusted in the model initial field, especially when the saturated vapor is considered, the forecasting of the vapor field is significantly affected. The changed vapor field influences the circulation, which in turn improves the model forecasting of radar reflectivity and rainfall.