鲍育苗期病害的防治研究：I.福尔马林的防治试验

在皱纹盘鲍Ｈａｌｉｏｔｉｓ ｄｉｓｃｕｓ Ｈａｎｎａｉ育苗期间，幼鲍用福尔马林药浴，对原生动物、线虫、桡足类等引起的病害防治有显著效果。当浓度为５￣２０ｇ／ｍ＾３，浸浴６￣１２ｈ能杀死附着板上的原生动物、线虫和部分桡足类，同时也有强的杀菌作用，而对幼鲍及饵料硅藻的发育和活力均没影响。     

盘鲍三倍体及二倍体生长的比较

在室内工厂化养殖条件下 ,于 1 997年 1 0月对正常盘鲍二倍体个体及用细胞松驰素 B诱导法获得的盘鲍三倍体群的生长情况进行了比较。结果表明 :(1 )在育苗期的 1 4月龄内 ,盘鲍的三倍体群与二倍体个体间在生长上无明显差异 ;(2 ) 1 4月龄后盘鲍的三倍体群与二倍体个体间在生长上出现分化。两周龄的盘鲍三倍体群在壳长和体重上分别比二倍体个体大 1 4.76 %和5 0 .1 9%;两周龄半的盘鲍三倍体群在壳长和体重上分别比二倍体个体大 2 0 .0 0 %和 41 .89%;(3 )如按 6 cm壳长作为商品盘鲍的标准 ,则盘鲍三倍体群只需养殖 2 6个月 (包括育苗期 )即可达到商品盘鲍的标准 ,而二倍体个体则需养殖 3 0个月 (包括育苗期 )。由此可见 ,三倍体商品盘鲍比二倍体商品盘鲍在养殖时间上可缩短 4个月 ;(4)盘鲍三倍体群与二倍体个体群的氨基酸组分相同 ,但盘鲍三倍体群的氨基酸总量比二倍体个体的氨基酸总量高。     

Tissue-specific bioaccumulation and oxidative stress responses in juvenile Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) exposed to mercury

To understand mercury (Hg) toxicity in marine fish, we measured Hg accumulation in juvenile Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and assessed the effects on growth and antioxidant responses. After Hg exposure (control, 5, 40, and 160 μg/L Hg) for 28 d, fish growth was significantly reduced. The accumulation of Hg in fish was dose-dependent and tissue-specific, with the maximum accumulation in kidney and liver, followed by gills, bone, and muscle. Different antioxidants responded differently to Hg exposure to cope with the induction of lipid peroxidation (LPO), which was also tissue-specific and dosedependent. As Hg concentration increased, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities increased significantly, whereas glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased significantly in the gills. SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and the GSH level increased significantly in the liver. SOD activity and GSH levels increased significantly, but CAT activity decreased significantly with an increase in Hg concentration in the kidney. LPO was induced significantly by elevated Hg in the gills and kidney but was least affected in the liver. Therefore, oxidative stress biomarkers in gills were more sensitive than those in the liver and kidney to Hg exposure. Thus, the gills have potential as bioindicators for evaluating Hg toxicity in juvenile flounder.     

藤壶亚目物种的系统发育学研究进展

藤壶亚目是目前为止海洋生物群落中种类最丰富和最重要的类群之一,也是海洋污损生物的重要组成部分,主要分布于岩石潮间带栖息地、深海热液口,有的物种会附着在红树林植物、动物和人工构筑物上。文章综述了藤壶亚目的起源以及分类系统的建立和发展,认为藤壶亚目在下白垩纪从有柄目分化而来,其中篱藤壶科(小藤壶总科)是最早分化出的一支,而后逐渐分化为星板藤壶总科、厚藤壶总科、鲸藤壶总科、笠藤壶总科、小藤壶总科和藤壶总科6支;总结了国内藤壶亚目的研究进展;比较了藤壶亚目系统发育学的研究方法;展望了未来的研究方向,即结合形态学方法与分子系统学方法研究藤壶亚目物种的系统发育关系,为今后研究藤壶亚目物种的分类及防治等工作提供借鉴和帮助。     

Seasonal distribution of macrobenthos and its relationship with environmental factors in Yellow Sea and East China Sea

Macrobenthos samples were collected from the Yellow and East China Seas in four seasons during 2011 to 2012. The seasonal distribution of macrobenthos and its relationship with environmental factors were analyzed. A total of 562 macrobenthic species were identified, with polychaetes and mollusks accounting for 67% of the total number of species. A similarity percentage(SIMPER) analysis showed that the dominant species were bivalve mollusks in the Yellow Sea and small-sized polychaetes in the East China Sea. A two-factor analysis of variance showed significant seasonal variations in species number, density and diversity index, and significant regional differences of biomass and density. Two-factor community similarity analysis also showed significant seasonal and regional differences in macrobenthic communities. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the main environmental factors af fecting the macrobenthic communities were water depth, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and inorganic nitrogen. The results demonstrate significant regional differences and seasonal variations in macrobenthos in the two seas. Sediment properties and water mass characteristics are speculated to be the causes of regional differences.     

鱼肉液体制曲的工艺条件

研究在鱼鲜酱油的酿制中 ,采用鱼肉液体制曲提高蛋白利用率并利用制曲过程去除鱼腥味。探讨了制曲温度、制曲时间、种曲添加量对鱼肉液体制曲的影响 ,分析了液体曲的蛋白酶活力和制曲过程对鱼腥物质三甲胺 (TMA)的消除情况。结果表明 ,制曲温度为 40℃ ,制曲时间为 2 4h ,种曲添加量 0 4%为最佳制曲条件 ,此时 ,液体曲的蛋白酶活力为 2 45Iu/mL ,制曲过程对三甲胺的去除率可达 74 7%。     

东海带鱼资源变动及其栖息地驱动因子研究进展

【目的】从栖息地角度解析东海带鱼种群变动的原因,揭示东海带鱼资源变动的主要影响因子。【方法】通过综述我国60多年的东海带鱼研究成果,从栖息地选择、种群数量年间波动、生物学变化等角度阐述东海带鱼对栖息地环境变化的适应性表现。【结果与结论】揭示东海带鱼“衰而不竭”除了与带鱼偏r-选择型的生活史特征和摄饵可塑性强的习性有关外,还与其较强的栖息地环境适应性有关,其中温度、盐度和饵料对带鱼的影响较明显。现阶段应重点从海流(温度、盐度)和关键饵料生物历史变化等角度揭示东海带鱼资源变动的原因,为东海带鱼资源保护和生境修复提供科学依据。     

海水淡化排放的高盐废水对海洋生态环境的影响

盐度是海洋环境中最重要的生态因子之一,每种生物各有其适宜生长盐度要求,当环境盐度超过该范围时,生物体的生长、发育、生殖、行为和分布都会受到影响.近10年来,随着淡水资源紧缺和海水淡化处理成本的下降,海水淡化厂数量急剧增加,大量浓盐水进入海区导致受纳海域盐度升高.高浓度盐水给海洋生态环境带来许多负面影响,有关浓盐水的海洋生态安全问题备受人们关注.在总结和分析浓盐水对海洋浮游生物、底栖动物、甲壳类动物、鱼类和海草等影响的基础上,指出海水淡化厂排放的高盐废水对海洋生态的潜在威胁,浓盐水的排放使一些经济水产种类产量减少,给渔业资源和海洋经济带来损失.不同地域环境对海水淡化厂排放水的敏感程度不同,且潮流、海流和水团等水文因素以及海水淡化厂的日处理量和规模等因子决定了排放的高盐废水对海域生态影响的程度.为减少排放的高盐废水对出水口附近海域的影响,提出了海水淡化工程合理规划和布局的可行措施,要选择水体交换良好的海域作为海水淡化工程所在地,对排水口要进行因地制宜地设计,做好高盐废水的再利用工作,以最大限度地减少排放的高盐废水对海区环境的负面影响.建议对海水淡化厂附近海域进行有针对性的水质调查和监测,并做好环境风险影响的评价工作;制定及完善相关的法律法规,建立统一的高盐废水排放标准,而该标准则要以排放的高盐废水对当地海洋生态不造成较大的影响为依据,使海水淡化产业的发展有法可依.     

2OO2年冬季象山港大型底栖生物生态分布特征

根据拟建的浙江宁海电厂环境评价项目的要求,于2002年冬季对象山港水域大型底栖生物进行了调查,共发现大型底栖生物43种,其中多毛类的种类最多,其次是软体动物和棘皮动物,分别占总种数的44%、26%和21%,全区总平均生物量为103.32g/m2,总平均栖息密度为123个/m2。通过种类相似性聚类和数值多维尺度的分析得出,该区大型底栖生物可划分为5个群落: 为翅状索沙蚕-寡鳃卷吻沙蚕-奇异稚齿虫群落; 为纵肋织纹螺-缩头节节虫群落; 为高骨片沙鸡头-菲律宾蛤仔-凸镜蛤群落; 为棘刺锚参群落; 为洼颚倍棘蛇尾-纵肋织纹螺-黄短口螺群落。群落间的种类和数量呈明显差异。同时,还对影响底栖生物分布的环境因子进行了分析。     

草鱼外周血淋巴细胞体外转化诸因素的研究

于１９９３年３月－１９９３年１１月，采自＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ同位素掺入法，分别测定草鱼外周血中淋巴细胞在经两种特异有丝分裂植物凝集素（ＰＨＡ）与金黄色葡萄球菌蛋白Ａ（ＳＰＡ）刺激后发生的Ｔ淋巴细胞与Ｂ淋巴细胞应答转化的平均刺激指数（ＳＩ）的值，经不同浓度的ＰＨＡ与ＳＰＡ刺激的Ｔ，Ｂ淋巴细胞转化实验表明，两种有丝分裂原促Ｔ，Ｂ淋巴细胞应答转化的最适剂量，ＰＨＡ为５００μｇ／ｍｌ，ＳＰＡ为０．０５％，用不同