VARIATION OF AEROSOL OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN GUANGZHOU DURING SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON EVENTS

Variations in Guangzhou’s aerosol optical characteristics and their possible causes are studied against the large-scale background of South China Sea summer monsoons(SCSSM) using aerosol data derived from Panyu Atmospheric Composition Watch Station in Guangzhou and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research(USA). The data is reanalyzed to develop a composite analysis and perform physical diagnoses. Analysis of the results shows that aerosol extinction in Guangzhou first increases then decreases during the active period of a SCSSM, with variations in the stratification of the planetary boundary layer(PBL) and environmental winds playing important roles in affecting Guangzhou’s aerosol optical characteristics. Regional diabatic heating and anomalous cyclonic circulations excited by monsoon convection induce environmental wind anomalies that significantly modify the stratification of the PBL.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS DURING THE ONSET STAGE OF SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON IN 2011

Using the 2006 Global Emissions Data and 2011 NCEP Final Analysis data as the initial and boundary condition, we simulated the three-dimensional distribution of atmospheric chemical pollutants (such as sea salt, PM10, COx, SO2, NOx, O3, etc) during the onset stage of South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon from 25 April to 25 May in 2011 over the monsoon area of 70°–160°E, 0°–40°N. Simulation results shows that, many changes have taken place in the distribution of atmospheric chemical pollutants near 950 hPa and 400 hPa due to the enhancement of the westerlies and southerlies over the SCS as a result of the monsoon outbreak. Especially, the concentration of pollutants over the SCS is much higher than that over other places because of the strong wind convergence near the surface in situ. Moreover, the vertical distribution of pollutants is also greatly affected by the westerlies and southerlies in the onset process of SCS summer monsoon. Meanwhile, the concentration over land is much greater than that at sea in pre-monsoon period, while the difference between land and sea in the concentration of most pollutants decreases greatly with the onset of SCS summer monsoon.     

对流层准两年周期振荡的研究进展

通过对气候标准值从1961～1990年改为1971～2000年后ENSO指数的变化分析,确定了新指数的ENSO事件定义指标和强度划分指标,重新定义了1951～2003年的ENSO事件及事件强度,并对新旧指数定义的ENSO事件的长度、峰值、强度等进行了分析比较。     

Impacts of Sea Surface Temperature on the Interannual Variability of Winter Haze Days in Guangdong Province

The impact of sea surface temperature (SST) on winter haze in Guangdong province (WHDGD) was analyzed on the interannual scale. It was pointed out that the northern Indian Ocean and the northwest Pacific SST play a leading role in the variation of WHDGD. Cold (warm) SST anomalies over the northern Indian Ocean and the Northwest Pacific stimulate the eastward propagation of cold (warm) Kelvin waves through the Gill forced response, causing Ekman convergence (divergence) in the western Pacific, inducing abnormal cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation. It excites the positive (negative) Western Pacific teleconnection pattern (WP), which results in the temperature and the precipitation decrease (increase) in Guangdong and forms the meteorological variables conditions that are conducive (not conducive) to the formation of haze. ENSO has an asymmetric influence on WHDGD. In El Ni?o (La Ni?a) winters, there are strong (weak) coordinated variations between the northern Indian Ocean, the northwest Pacific, and the eastern Pacific, which stimulate the negative (positive) phase of WP teleconnection. In El Ni?o winters, the enhanced moisture is attributed to the joint effects of the horizontal advection from the surrounding ocean, vertical advection from the moisture convergence, and the increased atmospheric apparent moisture sink (Q2) from soil evaporation. The weakening of the atmospheric apparent heat source (Q1) in the upper layer is not conducive to the formation of inversion stratification. In contrast, in La Ni?a winters, the reduced moisture is attributed to the reduced upward water vapor transport and Q2 loss. Due to the Q1 increase in the upper layer, the temperature inversion forms and suppresses the diffusion of haze.     

南海地区对流层大气准两年振荡的垂直结构特征

利用NCEP(the National Centers for Environmental Prediction)月平均再分析资料,并结合欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)月平均再分析资料,研究了中国南海地区(Sout...     

THE DOWNSCALING FORECASTING OF SEASONAL PRECIPITATION IN GUANGDONG BASED ON CLIMATE FORECAST SYSTEMS PRODUCTS

The Climate Forecast Systems （CFS） datasets provided by National Centers for Environmental Prediction （NCEP）, which cover the time from 1981 to 2008, can be used to forecast atmospheric circulation nine months ahead. Compared with the NCEP datasets, CFS datasets successfully simulate many major features of the Asian monsoon circulation systems and exhibit reasonably high skill in simulating and predicting ENSO events. Based on the CFS forecasting results, a downscaling method of Optimal Subset Regression （OSR） and mean generational function model of multiple variables are used to forecast seasonal precipitation in Guangdong. After statistical analysis tests, sea level pressure, wind and geopotential height field are made predictors. Although the results are unstable in some individual seasons, both the OSR and multivariate mean generational function model can provide good forecasting as operational tests score more than sixty points. CFS datasets are available and updated in real time, as compared with the NCEP dataset. The downscaling forecast method based on the CFS datasets can predict three seasons of seasonal precipitation in Guangdong, enriching traditional statistical methods. However, its forecasting stability needs to be improved.     

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广东6月持续性暴雨期间的大气环流异常

利用1979—2011年共33年广东86个观测站日降水和全球大气多要素日平均资料,分析广东前汛期降水异常(包括暴雨和无雨)的环流特征。结果表明,广东6月持续性暴雨和持续性无雨期间大气存在显著的经向遥相关波列,其中,持续性暴雨过程波列更完整,非持续性暴雨(或非持续性无雨)则波列不显著,而4、5月的持续性暴雨或持续性无雨过程都没有波列出现。在经向波列存在的情况下,对流层中高层大气西风带环流经向度增大、槽脊发展增强,中高纬度这种持续稳定的环流形势,有利于冷空气和高空槽影响华南;在高层200 hPa,华南处于偏西风和西南风异常之间的气流辐散区域,有利于高层辐散;对流层中低层西太平洋副热带高压偏强、西脊点偏西,华南上升、南海下沉的垂直异常经圈环流建立;同时对流层低层来源于印度和孟加拉湾北部以及热带太平洋的水汽输送明显加强,从而为持续性暴雨过程提供有利的环流背景以及暴雨区所需的动力和水汽条件,可见经向波列通过对流层高、中、低层大气环流异常影响持续性暴雨。在没有经向波列的情况下,当500 hPa华南地区有西风槽活动、850 hPa南海北部西风偏强,广东局地动力上升条件和水汽输送条件达到一定程度,则只能出现非持续性暴雨。因此,经向波列可为区分持续暴雨与非持续暴雨预报提供参考。与广东降水持续异常相关的经向波列受中高纬度罗斯贝波、热带对流以及中低纬度太平洋地区大气异常等多方面的共同影响。     

广东省持续性干旱事件的变化及其成因

利用1961年1月—2005年12月广东省86个测站的地面观测资料、ERSST全球月平均海温资料以及NCEP/NCAR全球大气多要素资料,定义了广东持续性干旱事件,分析了广东持续性干旱事件的变化特征,从多种角度(包括大气环流、海温、海气温差)讨论广东持续性干旱事件的成因。结果表明,广东持续性干旱事件平均出现频率为每26个月发生1次,以秋冬旱或冬春旱为主,持续性干旱事件具有大范围全省性的空间分布特征;1960年代是20世纪下半叶干旱较频繁且强度较强的年代,但2001—2005年干旱出现的概率和强度都超过1960年代,反映了广东区域极端气候事件对全球气候变化的响应;各季节大气环流和海温等在广东干旱情况下表现出不同的异常变化特征:春季华南冷空气偏弱,夏季则夏季风偏弱、西太平洋副热带高压明显偏强、贝加尔湖槽及北太平洋洋中槽偏强,秋季亚洲大陆高压偏弱、冷空气活动较少,冬季则冬季风偏强、海平面气压场的北太平洋涛动(NPO)和北大西洋涛动(NAO)两种遥相关型同时出现。以上结果为干旱预测尤其是气候模式产品的动力释用提供了很好的参考依据。     

南海-太平洋热带气旋形成个数对调制广东汛期降水季节内变化的环流系统对比分析

利用上海台风所组织整编的《台风年鉴》(1949—2005年)、NCEP逐日再分析资料和中国逐日降水资料,分析南海-西太平洋热带气旋形成个数多年(以下简称多年)、形成个数少年(以下简称少年)对广东30～60天振荡降水的影响。考虑到其周期振荡的非规则性,相应降水9个位相(即第1、3、5、7和9位相分别对应降水的最低值、正转折点(由负转为正)、最高值、负转折点(由正转负)和最低值)分别对850 hPa、200 hPa风场和850 hPa的动能、涡度、水汽通量输送以及Hadley环流和Walker环流场进行合成分析。结果表明,在多年,具有较大动能的阿拉伯海-孟加拉湾地区环流东移与南海-西太平洋的西北-东南走向的异常气旋-反气旋对西移的交汇,通过在北半球上升、南半球下沉的异常闭合经圈环流和水汽输送,把西边和南边海洋暖湿气流源源不断输送到广东,使其30～60天振荡降水增加;而在少年,广东地区30～60天振荡降水与阿拉伯海-孟加拉湾地区环流联系不强,主要受南海-西太平洋的东北-西南走向的异常气旋反气旋对的影响,通过北半球低纬增强的异常上升支的局地作用和水汽输送,把南边海洋暖湿气流源源不断输送到广东,使其30～60天振荡降水增加。由于109～119°E,10～20°N区域异常的动能、西风、东风切变、垂直速度和水汽输送均比少年强,从而使得广东30～60天振荡降水在多年比少年强。