香港地区空气污染的典型天气背景形势

利用香港地区2000～2005年共6年每小时一次的空气污染指数(API)资料和NCEP/NCAR 2.5 °×2.5 °风场、气压场再分析资料分析了香港地区空气污染指数特征以及典型天气形势对香港地区空气污染的影响.结果表明:近几年,香港地区空气污染日逐年增加,空气污染指数有明显的季节变化,大部分监测站空气污染日出现次数最多的是1～3月,其次是7～9月,出现次数最少是在4～6月;造成香港地区空气污染典型的天气形势有热带气旋型、大陆冷高压型、入海变性高压型和低压槽型四类.     

TYPICAL WEATHER CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH AIR POLLUTION IN HONG KONG AREA

With the hourly data of Air Pollution Index (API) by Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department (HKEPD) during the 6 years of 2000 - 2005 and NCEP / NCAR reanalysis data of 2.5° × 2.5° wind and pressure fields, the characteristics of API in Hong Kong area and the impacts of typical weather characteristics on the air pollution in Hong Kong have been studied. The results are shown as follows. (1) The API exhibits obvious seasonal variability as the number of air pollution days increases by the year. For most of the local monitoring stations, it is the most from January to March, a little less from July to September and the least from April to June. (2) There are four typical types of weather situations that are responsible for the air pollution in Hong Kong: tropical cyclones, continental cold highs, transformed highs that have moved out to sea and low pressure troughs.     

A SENSITIVITY SIMULATION ABOUT CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES OF TYPHOON CHANCHU

With the Reisner-2 bulk microphysical parameterization of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5), this paper investigates the microphysical sensitivities of Typhoon Chanchu. Four different microphysical sensitivity experiments were designed with an objective to evaluate their respective impacts in modulating intensity forecasts and microphysics budgets of the typhoon. The set of sensitivity experiments were conducted ...     

用QuikSCAT资料分析"黄蜂"登陆前后近地层风场的分布特征

利用QuikSCAT资料对"黄蜂"近地层风场分布的演变特征进行了诊断分析.并采用了离散余弦转换(DCT)对其方差的波谱结构进行了讨论.结果表明台风近地层风场分布具有明显的不对称性,其方差大部分产生于波数1和2的气流中,并且与波的方向有关.当台风沿纬向西移时,有两个纬向排列的波谱中心,主要是纬向波数2和经向波数1的气流;而当台风沿径向北上时,有两个经向排列的波谱中心,主要是纬向波数1和经向波数2的气流.波数1的气流对切向风的方差做主要贡献,波数2的气流对径向风的方差做主要贡献.不对称性分布的特征随大尺度环境场和台风自转气旋环流的改变而改变.当台风靠近大陆时台风大风出现的在台风前进方向前沿,类似于陈联寿等分析的第二类台风大风模式,在左前方是西北偏北大风,在右前方是东南大风.     

MM5模式在江门水域面雨量预报中的应用

利用MM5V37中尺度数值预报模式产品，对江门境内的主要水域（江河、水库）的面雨量进行预报，着重分析了汛期的两次大范围强降水过程，并与由江门境内全部自动站和气象观测站的实况24h雨量计算得来的面雨量进行对比分析和误差检验。结果表明：用MM5模式产品预报江门水域面雨量，在实际工作中具有一定参考价值。     

基于TRMM卫星探测的南海及周边地区降水、云和潜热特征的比较研究

利用1998—2013年热带测雨卫星（TRMM）3A12资料,对南海及其周边地区降水、云和潜热的三维特征及其变化进行了对比研究,把南海及其周边地区分为四个区域:华南地区、中南半岛、马来群岛、南海。结果表明:（1）地面降水率EOF分析的第一、二模态方差贡献率分别为57.16%和8.72%,第一模态向量场均为正值,降水呈现南多北少的分布特征;第二模态向量场体现了降水变化南北反相的特征,马来群岛降水变化与其他三个区域反相。从两个模态时间系数序列看出,1998—2005年整个区域降水总体减少,区域降水北部增多南部减少;2005—2013年整个区域降水总体增多,区域降水南部增多北部减少。（2）南海及其周边地区降水夏秋季多,春冬季少,降水中心春夏季北移,秋冬季南撤,其中马来群岛夏季降水最少,冬季最多;其它三个区域都是夏季降水最多,华南和中南半岛冬季最少,南海春季最少。（3）赤道附近对流降水为主,23 °N以北区域层云降水为主,5~23 °N之间区域两种类型降水比例随季节变化,其中陆地降水比例随季节变化明显,特别是华南地区陆地夏季对流降水比例大于50%,冬季层云降水比例大于80%;海洋对流降水所占比例普遍大于50%,随季节变化小。（4）云冰、云水含量水平分布大值区与降水大值区相对应;二者随高度先增加后减少,云冰在13 km高度达到最大值,云水在2.5 km高度达到最大。春冬季,马来群岛云冰含量最大;夏秋季,南海云冰含量最大。云水含量在四个季节都以南海最大。（5）潜热加热率水平分布大值区与降水大值区相对应;随高度呈双峰分布,峰值分别出现在1~2 km高度和4 km高度处,春冬季马来群岛潜热加热率最大。      

台风Fitow降雨的数值预报试验

用MM5对热带气旋Fitow(2001)的登陆过程进行了成功的预报，特别是对台风暴雨中心的位置和降雨量的预报与实况相当吻合。敏感性试验表明，华南地形对本次台风登陆过程中心气压和位置的变化没有明显的影响，但对台风低压北侧还是有一定的阻挡填塞作用，尤其是对24h累计的降水量有明显的增幅作用，而华南地形的这些影响主要是由南岭山脉所造成的。由于南岭山脉的阻挡，使南来的暖湿气流强迫抬升，促进了对流活动和降水系统的发展，最终造成台风降雨量明显加强，其增幅达30％。     

冷热混合作用下的岩溶地下热水形成机制新认识

岩溶型地热是地热系统的重要类型,岩溶介质的特殊性使得其形成过程中易与浅循环水系统发生更多的相互作用,而有别于其他介质地热系统。本文以四川盆地边缘的铜锣山背斜岩溶地下热水系统为研究对象,通过野外调查、水文地球化学、环境同位素等方法和手段,结合区内地热地质和岩溶地质条件,系统探讨了岩溶地热系统热水出露过程中的冷、热水混合作用,揭示了冷热混合作用对岩溶地热系统形成模式的遮蔽性,并建立了铜锣山岩溶地下热水成因模式。结果表明,铜锣山岩溶地下热水出露过程中冷热水混合作用极为强烈,冷水混入比高达73% ~89%;冷热水混合会破坏热水携带的地热系统信息,使得补给高程和热储温度分别被低估约78%和45%。铜锣山背斜岩溶地下热水形成模式为大气降水在北部2100~2400 m高程的岩溶裸露山区渗入地下,在深循环过程中被地温增温加热,岩溶热储层温度为128~172 ℃,热水受岩溶和构造控制由北东向南西径流,并沿裂隙和岩溶通道向上径流,在此过程中与岩溶槽谷背斜局部浅循环冷水大量混合,混合后的热水以38~62 ℃的温度自然出露于深切河谷地段或被人工揭露。     

SIMULATION STUDY ON CAUSES OF TROPICAL STORM FITOW (0114) HEAVY RAIN

With PSU/NCAR nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5, the rainfall process of tropical storm Fitow(0114) is simulated for 00:00 UTC 31 Aug. – 00:00 UTC 2 Sept. 2001. Mesoscale separation is performed on the results with the filtering scheme. Analyses show that the MM5 model well reproduced the position and intensity of heavy rain. Mesoscale characteristics of heavy rain were well represented in rainfall time scale, rainfall area, stream field and divergence at lower and upper levels. The interaction between inverted typhoon troughs and the mesoscale systems lead to heavy rain occurrence. The distribution of divergence fields at lower and upper levels can have a kind of indication for the rainfall. Heavy rains are closely associated with topography and land-sea distribution in South China. Weak instability is favorable to the generation of heavy rain.     

EFFECTS OF CONDENSATION HEATING AND SURFACE FLUXES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SOUTH CHINA MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM (MCS)

A sensitive numerical simulation study is carried out to investigate the effects of condensation heating and surface fluxes on the development of a South China MCS that occurred during 23 – 24 May 1998. The results reveal the following: (1) Condensation heating plays an important role in the development of MCS. In every different stage, without condensation heating, MCS precipitation is significantly reduced, and quickly dissipates. (2) Condensation heating demonstrates most importantly during the early development stages of MCS vortex; as the vortex develops stronger, the condensation heating effects reduces. (3) By affecting the MCS development processes, condensation heating also influences the formation of MCS mesoscale environment structure features such as low-level jet (mLLJ), upper-level divergence. (4) By changing the antecedent environmental circulation, the surface fluxes also play an important role in the development of MCS. Because of the surface heating, pressure declines over the heavy rainfall and MCS happening regions, which results in the intensification of southerly flows from the ocean along the South China coastline areas, and leads to the enhancement of horizontal convergence and increase of vapor amount in the lower layer. All of these make the atmosphere more unstable and more favorable for the convection.