基于数值模拟与加密观测的青藏高原东侧地区大气要素对比分析

本文将高原东坡及其下游盆地区域加密探空观测的低层大气物理要素场与WRF模式结果进行对比分析,得到如下结论:1)川西高海拔地区,模式格点与站点海拔差异非常大,模式地形普遍偏高,最大差值超过上千米。低海拔地区,模式格点与站点海拔比较接近。2)在高海拔地区,差异主要体现在近地层大气中;00时的比湿差异最小;06时的比湿差异最为显著,模拟的低层大气的比湿比探空观测值大。06时模拟的温度高于探空观测,其它12、18、00时3个时次则略低于探空观测。除了初始场,模拟的低层大气的水平风速普遍比探空观测的值大。3)在低海拔地区,模式初始场给出的低层大气比湿、温度与探空观测差异较小;06、12、18时,模拟的大气比湿通常比探空观测偏湿,温度也显著偏高,4个时次中,正午时分低层大气的温湿偏差最显著。同一时次,积分时长越短模拟的风速越小,低层大气中常常存在一个风速的大值区。4)模式比较稳定,没有随着模拟时长的增加,误差明显增长。模拟的低层大气比湿、温度、水平风速逐日波动形态与观测基本一致。     

Statistical and Comparative Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Activity over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal (1977–2018)

A statistical comparative analysis of tropical cyclone activity over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal (BoB) has been conducted using best-track data and wind radii information from 1977 to 2018 issued by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Results have shown that the annual variation in the frequency and duration of tropical cyclones has a significant increasing trend over the Arabian Sea and an insignificant decreasing trend over the BoB. The monthly frequency of tropical cyclones in both the Arabian Sea and the BoB shows a notable bimodal character, with peaks occurring in May and October–November, respectively. The maximum frequency of tropical cyclones occurs in the second peak as a result of the higher moisture content at mid-levels in the autumn. However, the largest proportion of strong cyclones (H1–H5 grades) occurs in the first peak as a result of the higher sea surface temperatures in early summer. Tropical cyclones in the Arabian Sea break out later during the first peak and activity ends earlier during the second peak, in contrast with those in the over BoB. This is related to the onset and drawback times of the southwest monsoon in the two basins. Tropical cyclones in the Arabian Sea are mainly generated in the eastern basin, whereas in the BoB the genesis locations have a meridional (zonal) distribution in May–June (October–November) as a result of the seasonal movement of the low-level positive vorticity belt. The Arabian Sea is dominated by western and northwestern tropical cyclones by that track west and NW, accounting for about 74.6%, whereas the tropical cyclones with a NE track account for only 25.4%. The proportions of the three types of tracks are similar in the BoB, with each accounting for about 33% of the tropical cyclones. The mean intensity and size of tropical cyclones over the Arabian Sea are stronger and larger, respectively, than those over the BoB and the size of tropical cyclones over the North Indian Ocean in early summer is larger than that in autumn. The asymmetrical structure of tropical cyclones over North Indian Ocean is affected by the topography and the longest radius of the 34 kt surface wind often lies in the eastern quadrant of the tropical cyclone circulation in both sea areas. FAN Xiao-ting (樊晓婷), LI Ying (李 英), et al.     

登陆台风变性过程的物理机制分析

0509号台风“Matsa”和0712号台风“Wipha”,均在中国大陆发生变性成为温带气旋。但前者变性后再度加强,后者变性后减弱消亡。用日本JRA25再分析资料,对其变性过程对比分析。表明：“Matsa”和“Wipha”均是在登陆后北上与中高纬西风槽相互作用的过程中,受到冷空气入侵后变性,从垂直对称分布演变为倾斜的非对称分布,且在北上过程中与中纬度高空锋区作用,但“Matsa”中心嵌入中纬度高空锋区,有再加强过程;而“Wipha”仅外围环流与锋区接触,中心未进入锋区,无再加强过程。通过对大气稳定度和垂直螺旋度等进一步分析表明：“Matsa”变性过程是系统性冷空气的南侵,而Wipha的变性只有弱冷空气的入侵;台风中心所在的垂直涡度ζ_p的增长大值区是否落在△θ_e<0的大气对流性不稳定的区域内,对台风变性后是否再加强有一定影响。此外,垂直螺旋度的高低空配置及正涡度柱与上升运动的相互配合是使台风变性加强的重要因素。     

农业地质学及其基本任务

农业地质学及其基本任务李英，张连昌（西安地质学院７１００５４）农业地质学是地质学与农业科学之间的一门新兴的边缘学科。它的中心任务是研究地质背景与农业生产环境之间的内在联系及其规律，为有效地发展农业生产提供科学的依据和措施（土地利用对策）。我国目前农业...     

西成矿田层控铅锌矿床稳定同位素和包裹体研究

采自西成矿田铅锌矿床的98个硫化物和硫酸盐样品(闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、毒砂、重晶石)的硫同位素组成,δS~(34)都是正值,变化幅度+4—+28％(CD),并且在空间上具有一定的变化规律。10个碳酸盐(大理岩、灰岩、方解石)样品的碳氧同位素组成,接近泥盆纪海相碳酸盐的统计值。对200余个样品进行了均一法和爆裂法测温,求得矿物形成的平均温度约为230℃。结合包裹体成份数据,运用大本模式分析了矿床形成的物理化学条件。作者认为,层控矿床成矿作用中,温度梯度和压力梯度的存在,是一个重要的因素。     

登陆热带气旋与夏季风相互作用对暴雨的影响

利用《热带气旋年鉴》资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料采用动态合成分析方法,研究了登陆热带气旋降水与夏季风急流之间的关系,同时对登陆热带气旋与夏季风急流发生相互作用的典型个例强热带风暴Bilis (0604) 利用数值模拟方法研究了二者之间的相互作用对暴雨的影响。结果表明:登陆后造成大范围强降水的热带气旋往往与低层急流长时间相连,其水汽通量和潜热能显著大于弱降水热带气旋。数值试验结果表明:夏季风低空急流向热带气旋输送水汽对热带气旋结构维持有利,当水汽输送被截断后,热带气旋气旋性结构被破坏,强降水减弱、范围明显缩小;季风急流风速增强时可增加水汽通量输送,使得强降水范围增加、强度增强;在夏季风影响背景下,热带气旋在陆上的移动改变水汽和不稳定能量的分布,而热带气旋本身独特的动力结构使得强降水强度增加。     

登陆台湾岛热带气旋强度和结构变化的统计分析

利用1949—2008年共60年的《台风年鉴》、《热带气旋年鉴》资料及CMA-STI热带气旋最佳路径数据集,2001—2008年美国联合台风警报中心(JTWC)热带气旋尺度相关资料及日本气象厅(JMA)的TBB资料,统计分析西北太平洋(包括南海)热带气旋(TC)在登陆台湾过程中强度和结构变化的基本特征,主要结论有:(1)TC登陆台湾时强度为台风及以上级别的样本数占总样本数约60%,主要出现在6—9月,东部登陆TC的强度一般比在西部登陆的强;(2)大部分TC在岛上维持6 h左右,登陆时最大风速≤5级和强度为超强台风的TC穿越台湾岛时移动比较缓慢;(3)126个登陆台湾的TC样本过岛后近中心海平面气压平均增加5.61 hPa,近中心最大风速平均减小3.58 m/s,在台湾东部地区登陆TC的衰减率比在西部登陆的大3倍左右;(4)TC在登陆台湾前6 h至离岛后6 h期间其8级和10级风圈半径均明显减小,TC形状略呈长轴为NE-SW向的椭圆状,而其最大风速的半径却逐渐增大;(5)TBB分析结果显示,TC登陆台湾前,其外围对流主要出现在南侧和西侧,结构不对称,登陆以后,TC北部及东部的对流显著发展,外围结构区域对称;但中心附近的强对流则从登陆前6 h开始逐渐减弱消失。表明TC穿越台湾过程中内核结构松散、强度减弱。     

IMPACTS OF TWO TROPICAL CYCLONES EXPERIENCING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION DURING NORTHWARD PROGRESSION ON THE RAINFALL OF LIAODONG PENINSULA

Both of Typhoon Winnie (9711) and Matsa (0509) underwent an extratropical transition (ET) process when they moved northward after landfall and affected Liaodong Peninsula. However, Matsa produced half as much rainfall as Winnie, although it struck Liaodong Peninsula directly while Winnie passed through the Bohai Sea. The relations between the ET processes and the precipitation over Liaodong Peninsula are examined. The result shows that the precipitation difference between Winnie and Matsa was closely related to the interactions between the westerly systems and typhoons during their ET processes. Winnie was captured by the upper westerly trough and then coupled with it when moving to the mid-latitudes, and the positive anomaly of moist potential vorticity (MPV) was transported downward from the upper troposphere over the remnant circulation of the tropical cyclone (TC). It was favorable to the interaction between tropical warm and wet air and westerly cold air, causing convective cloud clusters to form and develop. The rain belt composed of several meso-β cloud clusters over the Liaodong Peninsula, resulting in heavy rainfall. On the other hand, Matsa did not couple with any upper trough during its ET process and the positive anomaly of MPV in the upper troposphere and its downward transfer were weak. Only one meso-β cloud cluster occurred in Matsa’s rain belt during its ET process that tended to lessen rainfall over Liaodong Peninsula.     

1977—2007年影响南海的热带气旋强度变化特征

应用东京台风中心(RSMC Tokyo)提供的1977—2007年影响南海的热带气旋(TC)最佳路径资料,统计分析了影响南海的不同初始强度的TC强度变化的时空分布特征,以及迅速加强(RI)和缓慢加强(SI)样本的大尺度统计特征。主要结果为:(1)热带风暴(TS)和强热带风暴(STS)以增强和稳定为主,台风(TY)减弱为主。初始强度越强,增强观测次数越少,变化率越小;减弱观测次数越多,变化率越大。(2)00时(世界时,下同)增强样本最多,增强率最大,12时减弱样本最多,减弱率最大。(3)增强状态下,南海东北部TS最多,中东部STS最多,中部TY最多。减弱样本分布在我国海南岛、越南近岸以东洋面、菲律宾近海以西洋面,TS和STS在南海中部有部分减弱样本。(4)7、9和10月RI样本较多。RI样本的平均纬度偏南,垂直切变相对较小,200 hPa纬向风东风分量稍弱,15.4 m/s风圈半径更小。SI样本的海温略高。     

夏季青藏高原东部大气热源变化及其对相邻区域气候的影响

基于NCEP/NCAR 1968～2009年逐月再分析资料,采用倒算法,对夏季青藏高原东部大气热源的长期变化进行了计算,结果发现:(1)夏季青藏高原东部大气热源存在10a左右的时间尺度变化周期;(2)夏季青藏高原东部大气热源偏强时,四川盆地东部及重庆地区多雨,气温偏低;当夏季青藏高原东部大气热源偏弱时,四川盆地东部及重庆地区容易发生高温干旱;(3)夏季青藏高原东部大气热源通过直接影响垂直上升运动场的异常,同时影响周围地区的大气环流形势,异常强迫500hPa副热带高压,进而影响到四川盆地东部及重庆地区的夏季气候。