Impact of Different Cloud Microphysics Parameterization Schemes on Typhoon Intensity and Structure

The impact of different cloud microphysics parameterization schemes on the intensity and structure of the Super-strong Typhoon Rammasun (1409) in 2014 is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model version 3.4 with eight cloud microphysics parameterization schemes. Results indicate that the uncertainty of cloud microphysics schemes results in typhoon forecast uncertainties, which increase with forecast time. Typhoon forecast uncertainty primarily affects intensity predictions, with significant differences in predicted typhoon intensity using the various cloud microphysics schemes. Typhoon forecast uncertainty also affects the predicted typhoon structure. Greater typhoon intensity is accompanied by smaller vortex width, tighter vortex structure, stronger wind in the middle and lower troposphere, greater height of the strong wind region, smaller thickness of the eyewall and the outward extension of the eyewall, and a warmer warm core at upper levels of the eye. The differences among the various cloud microphysics schemes lead to the different amounts and distributions of water vapor and hydrometeors in clouds. Different hydrometeors have different vertical distributions. In the radial direction, the maxima for the various hydrometeors forecast by a single cloud microphysics scheme are collocated with each other and with the center of maximum precipitation. When the hydrometeor concentration is high and hydrometeors exist at lower altitudes, more precipitation often occurs. Both the vertical and horizontal winds are the strongest at the location of maximum precipitation. Results also indicate that typhoon intensities forecast by cloud microphysics schemes containing graupel processes are noticeably greater than those forecast by schemes without graupel processes. Among the eight cloud microphysics schemes investigated, typhoon intensity forecasts using the WRF Single-Moment 6-class and Thompson schemes are the most accurate.     

热带气旋路径资料的差异性分析

通过对比西北太平洋3个主要资料中心(中国气象局(CMA-STI)、日本东京台风中心(JMA RSMC Tokyo)和美国联合台风警报中心(JTWC))的56a数据,分析了不同来源的热带气旋(TC)路径资料的差异,结果表明,在我国近海以及热带气旋生成和进入西风带后的阶段定位差异较大.     

浅谈高中地理教学中学生地图技能的培养

地图是学习地理的重要工具,在中学地理教学中具有举足轻重的地位.中学地理教材中图像内容丰富、祥实,具有鲜明突出的表现性,既紧密结合教材内容,又是教材内容的补充或扩展,甚至能替代冗长的文字.在地理教学中,加强地图教学的针对性和实用性,着眼于训练、培养学生学习和掌握地图的方法,有助于学生获取地理知识,巩固地理知识,激发学生学习地理的兴趣;有助于教师提高教学质量,完成教学任务.历年的高中地理会考,其读图题都占较大比重.今后,随着高中地理教学改革逐步深入,对地图技能的训练、培养的重视程度将会与日俱增,地图的优势必将得到充分的发挥.     

西藏察隅西部寒武纪片麻状花岗岩基本特征

云南第三地质大队区调二分队，在西藏察隅西部娄巴曲和贡日嘎布曲的古－中元古代德玛拉岩群和白垩纪花岗岩分布区，发现８个变形花岗岩体。根据岩性、片麻状构造和接触关系以及Ｕ－Ｐｂ法年龄４４１．４７Ｍａ、４６１．６６Ｍａ、６３９Ｍａ等资料，肯定为寒武寒武纪老侵入岩，与滇西平河花岗岩基和西藏康马片麻状花岗岩基为同期同构造侵入的产物，具同构造陆壳重熔花岗岩岩石地球化学特征。     

南中国海深水区典型火山发育地震反射特征研究

海洋油气勘探尤其是深水勘探面临着三高难题——高成本、高风险、高技术.如何对储层进行准确预测,是地球物理工作者及地球物理技术亟待解决的问题.本文对火山机构喷发机理及其地球物理特征进行分析,结合邻近工区在火山发育特征规律的认识成果,针对南中国海深水区目标区内典型火山发育,运用常规地震时间切片、剖面分析及沿层均方根振幅属性和沿层小时窗三维地震镂空显示等技术,分析了目标火山发育情况、火山岩喷溢情况、地震反射特征及岩相分布,并建立了该类型火山发育特征、岩相分布规律以及空间展布规律及变化特征的认识.本文的研究成果为该地区准确识别火山发育及预测其分布规律提供了参考,尤其是在钻井少的情况下进行地质异体常识别和储层预测,有利于该地区石油天然气勘探工作以及区域地质认识.     

西藏察隅地区中侏罗世马里组--兼论"春节桥组"的时代

西藏察隅地区的中侏罗统马里组 ,原划为下泥盆统春节桥组。通过岩石地层层序、岩石组合、沉积地球化学、重矿物特征、与下伏地层的接触关系等调查 ,以及巴通期双壳类化石组合的新发现 ,认为均与同一构造带洛隆地区的中侏罗统马里组相同。因此 ,下泥盆统春节桥组应该废弃。马里组是怒江洋盆在晚三叠世—早侏罗世闭合时 ,澜沧江弧与三缅村弧发生强烈碰撞造山 ,在三缅村弧后拉张的前陆盆地或山间盆地中沉积的一套中侏罗世红色磨拉石建造。