三江源地区各类生态系统土壤的 性状及其形成能力

土壤形成是MA框架下生态系统支持功能的基本内容。运用GIS空间分析功能,测算了青海三江源区生态系统支持功能,结果表明:①源区土壤形成和生态系统支持功能呈从东南向西北降低的趋势;②源区各生态系统土壤形成的支持功能具有湿地生态系统>森林和草地生态系统>农田生态系统>荒漠和裸土地及裸岩石砾地的特点;③源区各生态系统支持功能具有从湿地生态系统、森林生态系统、草地生态系统、农田生态系统到荒漠和裸土地及裸岩石砾地依次降低的趋势;④草地生态系统退化诱导草地土壤形成功能的退化,进而驱使草地生态系统支持功能的降低;⑤强度人为干扰造成生态系统土壤各种性状向退化方向发展,土壤形成及生态系统支持功能下降。结果有助于丰富人们从土壤形成视角,对生态系统支持功能的理解和认识。     

土地利用变化及其生态响应综述

1 IntroductionLand use change,as one ofthe m ain driving forces ofglobalenvironm entalchange,is centraltothe sustainable developm ent debate (Figure 1).The types of land use are distinguished as landcover conversion,i.e.,the com plete replacem ent of one …     

生计多样化背景下种植业非点源污染负荷演变（英文）

Based on objective data collected from interviews in typical villages of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the present study devised three livelihood scenarios related to rural transformation development: agriculturally dominant livelihood, multiple-type livelihood and non-agriculturally dominant livelihood. Moreover, the present study reports the trend characteristics of nonpoint source pollution load of crop farming in relation to the transformation of dominant livelihood types, and discussed the primary factors which affect livelihood type transformations. Results indicated the following:(1) The current farmland pattern shows a trend of diversification as self-cultivation, cropland transfer and fallow in the sample region. Dynamic characteristics of cultivated land present a special feature that is more "transfer-into" than "transfer-out". Various scales of planting are represented among the various households, according to the following decreasing order: half-labor household non-labor household adequate labor household.(2) The highest pollution loading produced by crop farming occurs in half-labor households while the lowest occurs in non-labor households. With increasing labor, the pollution load per unit area tends to first increase and then decrease within families with enough labor.(3) As the type of livelihood transitions from agriculturally dominant to non-agriculturally dominant, the maximum reduction of total pollution loading produced by the agricultural industry can reach 72.01%. Compared to agriculturally dominant livelihoods, multiple-type livelihoods produce a pollution load reduction yield of 19.61%–29.85%, and non-agriculturally dominant livelihoods reduce the pollution load yield by 35.20%–72.01%. However, the rate of reduction of total nitrogen is not the same as total phosphorus.(4) The non-agricultural characteristics of labor allocation and income promote the transformation from dominant livelihood types to non-agricultural livelihoods, while potential revenue conversion follows a similar trend. In addition, different household types do not display identical conversion rates, according to the following decreasing order: enough labor household half-labor household non-labor household.(5) During rapid urbanization and the building of new industrial systems, the livelihood types of rural households have been further transformed to off-farm household types in the mountainous region; this process will lead to the further reduction of pollution load generated by planting and agriculture. Hence, significant decreases in the planting pollution load necessitate the development of control measures to enhance transformations from agricultural to off-farm livelihoods.     

岩溶山地聚落人口空间分布与演化模式

中国西南山区人口与聚落的演化对岩溶山区乡村规划、新农村建设、生态系统的管理和石漠化土地的治理有着重要的参考意义。利用长时间序列的高精度航片与卫片,结合实地农户调查,从20世纪60年代至2010年的聚落与人口耦合变化过程出发,在村级景观尺度开展了贵州高原中部典型峰丛洼地及其周边地区聚落空间格局变迁的定量研究,以探讨岩溶山地人口与聚落演化的模式及其机制,揭示聚落变迁过程中的人地关系动态。结果表明：① 在研究区农村37年的发展过程中,尽管农村聚落总数在不断增多,但还是形成了一些规模相对发展较快的中心村、镇;② 自然条件、交通相对较好和原来规模相对较大的聚落得到了优先发展;③ 由于农户外迁,位于中部峰丛洼地区通达性较差的部分规模较小的聚落消失或逐渐空心化;④ 在聚落和人口的自发演变过程中,一方面使部分退化的石漠化土地得到了恢复,另一方面聚落扩展严重占用了相当的优质耕地。     

近30年黔西喀斯特区典型县域农田土壤有机碳动态研究——以贵州普定县为例

文章选取贵州省普定县作为黔西喀斯特区的典型县域,依据1980年第二次土壤普查数据和2011年实测土壤数据,运用土壤类型法,计算该县域近30年（1980-2011年）农田表层（0～20 cm）土壤有机碳（SOC）储量和密度的变化,并借助逐步回归分析,对该县域近30年农田表层SOC动因进行分析,结果表明:（1）普定县近30年来农田0～20 cm表土有机碳库总体表现为基本持平且略有上升的趋势,增幅为0.95%,年均变化量15.31 kg C·hm-2·a-1;（2）不同类型农田土壤的表层有机碳储量和密度变化较大,其中水稻土固碳幅度最大,为28.95%,而山地灌丛草甸土的丢碳最为严重,降幅达70.22%;（3）农田表层SOC密度年均变化量在空间分布上总体表现为县城中部、南部和三岔河及夜郎湖地区呈增加趋势,而在县城以西、以东及斗篷山大部分区域则为下降态势,这主要受土壤类型空间分布差异所致;（4）影响普定县农田表层SOC变化的主要因素有SOC密度初始值（1980年）、C/N、砾石体积比和速效K密度等,其中SOC密度年均变化量与SOC密度初始值和砾石体积比呈负相关,与C/N和速效K密度呈正相关。总的来看,近30年的人为活动对普定县农田表土有机碳总库存未产生负面影响。      

农牧民偏好对政府主导生态建设工程的生态适应性意义——以江西山江湖和青海三江源为例

使用参与性农村评估、历史资料文献、生态时限等方法,重点分析农牧民偏好对生态建设工程的生态适应性。结果表明:山江湖农民和三江源牧民在经济收益最大、生产方式延续和信仰习俗维持上的偏好是决定政府主导生态建设工程能否顺利实施并取得预期成效的稳定性力量,具体生态适应性措施选择和对策安排时必须确保、延续或维持,它们有的可为生态适应性对策的安排或进一步合适调整提供新的思路或指示,有的则因本身就是生态适应性恢复或重建做法可直接利用的。但是,山江湖农民偏好归根结底就是对经济利益最大化的追求,山场重建的适应性安排中易于利用,而三江源牧民偏好则仍停留于宗教习俗框架内,草场恢复的适应性调控中难以改变。但在施加适当引导措施的情景下,前者可转换为更为主动的适应性参与而后者仍有很大的被动性。     

多因素耦合下三峡库区土地利用未来情景模拟（英文）

Model simulation and scenario change analysis are the core contents of the future land-use change(LUC) study. In this paper, land use status data of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region(TGRR) in 1990 was used as base data. The relationship between driving factors and land-use change was analyzed by using binary logistic stepwise regression analysis, based on which land use in 2010 was simulated by CLUE-S model. After the inspection and determination of main parameters impacting on driving factors of land use in the TGRR, land use of this region in 2030 was simulated based on four scenarios, including natural growth, food security, migration-related construction and ecological conservation. The results were shown as follows:(1) The areas under ROC curves of land-use types(LUTs) were both greater than 0.8 under the analysis and inspection of binary logistic model. These LUTs include paddy field, dryland, woodland, grassland, construction land and water area. Therefore, it has a strong interpretation ability of driving factors on land use, which can be used in the estimation of land use probability distribution.(2) The Kappa coefficients, verified from the result of land-use simulation in 2010, were shown of paddy field 0.9, dryland 0.95, woodland 0.97, grassland 0.84, construction land 0.85 and water area 0.77. So the results of simulation could meet the needs of future simulation and prediction.(3) The results of multi-scenario simulation showed a spatial competitive relationship between different LUTs, and an influence on food security, migration-related construction and ecological conservation in the TGRR, including some land use actions such as the large-scale conversion from paddy field to dryland, the occupation on cultivated land, woodland and grassland for rapid expansion of construction land, the reclamation of woodland and grassland into cultivated land, returning steep sloping farmland back into woodland and grassland. Therefore, it is necessary to balance the needs of various aspects in land use optimization, to achieve the coordination between socio-economy and ecological environment.     

基于大型水利工程建设阶段的三峡库区土地利用变化遥感分析

使用5 期TM/ETM数据,借助动态度、综合指数和程度变化指标,旨在对比理解不同建设阶段三峡库区土地利用变化的特征与轨迹。结果表明：① 耕地与林草地间的转换、耕地和林地被建设占用、林草地互换和耕地、林地与草地被水体淹没是三峡工程整个建设20 年来土地利用转换的主要方式;② 不同建设阶段因驱动者出现的时序不同和作用程度的差异,土地利用及其驱动者在总体格局框架下体现出显著的细部轨迹;③ 整个工程建设的20 年土地利用程度综合指数相对平稳,处于中等以上水平,而利用程度的变化总体呈降低趋势,带有正“W”型的动态格局;④ 主要土地利用转换方式在空间上的分布广度和集聚度具有较大差异,主体性工程对主要土地利用转换方式的影响呈现强异质性。研究结论有助于丰富对水利工程胁迫下土地利用的理解,为未来适应性土地利用调控政策的制定提供科学依据。     

农户后顾生计来源及其居民点整合研究 ——基于重庆市西部郊区白林村471户农户调查

农户生计资产决定着农户生计方式选择与生计策略行为,作为当前农户主要消费性投资行为的农村居民点建设消费受制于农户所拥有的生计资产量,基于此引导农户的居民点建设消费行为、开展农村居民点整合已成为当前提高农村土地利用效率、改善农户生产生活条件的关键。研究选取重庆市沙坪坝区白林村为样点,采用“PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) +3S”相结合的方法,以地理坐标为标识码,建立农户属性数据与地块的空间数据相链接的“农户-土地”数据库。运用该数据库,构建农户生计资产量化指标体系,量化农户生计资产进行农户分化,剖析不同农户的后顾生计来源及其住居意愿,开展农村居民点整合。结果表明,农户生计资产的配置结构差异明显,8%的农户各项资产产值高于平均水平,23%的农户各项资产产值处于中等水平;以农户拥有的自然资产产值为主辅以其他各项资产产值,将农户划分为农业多样化发展型(16%)、农业专业化发展型(8%)、兼业化发展型(23%)、非农多样化发展型(31%) 和非农专业化发展型(22%) 5 类;根据不同生计来源农户的住居意愿并结合国家与地方发展战略,构建了社区型(非农多样化发展型与非农专业化发展型)、组团型(农业专业化发展型)、块状型(农业多样化发展型) 和带状型(兼业化发展型) 4 种农村居民点整合方式。     

西南岩溶山地乡村景观格局与石漠化调控展望

西南岩溶山地乡村景观格局石漠化过程的生态认识落后于生态治理措施。面对国家需求,优化乡村景观格 局对石漠化发生过程的调控,未来优先研究领域：⑴识别岩溶山地乡村景观格局的转换、渐变和基本不变的层次 性,测算不同尺度下乡村景观类型及其空间组合的贡献;⑵认识不同类型乡村景观空间分布的生态学意义及其对 区域石漠化整体程度的影响,找出不同乡村景观演化格局下的石漠化效应;⑶厘定岩溶山地高强度人类活动及其 所诱导的乡村景观格局演化对石漠化的作用效应,构建乡村景观石漠化的成因框架;⑷探讨乡村景观格局制约下 有利于石漠化土地恢复的格局优化模拟,丰富人们对岩溶山地乡村石漠化发生过程的理解和认识。