Numerical simulations of deformation and movement of blocks within North China in response to 1976 Tangshan earthquake

Using methods of discontinuous deformation analysis and finite element (DDA+FEM), this paper simulates dynamic processes of the Tangshan earthquake of 1976, which occurred in the northern North China where its internal blocks apparently interacted. Studies focus upon both the movement and deformation of the blocks, in particular, the Ordos block, and variations of stress states on the boundary faults. The Tangshan earthquake was composed of three events: slipping motions of NNE-striking major fault, NE-striking fault near the northeastern end of the NNE-striking fault, and NW-striking fault on the southeastern side of the NNE-striking fault. Compared with previous studies, our model yields a result that is more agreeable with the configuration of aftershock distributions. A number of data are presented, such as the principle stress field during the earthquake, contours of the maximum shear stress, the strike-slip deformation between blocks near the earthquake focus, time-dependent variations of slips of earthquake-triggered faulting, the maximum slip distance, and stress drops. These results are in accord with the earthquake source mechanism, basic parameters from earthquake wave study, macro-isoseismic line, observed horizontal displacement vectors, etc. The Tangshan earthquake exerted different influences on the adjacent blocks and boundary faults between them, thus resulting in differential movement and deformation. The Ordos block seems to have experienced the small-scale counterclockwise rotation and deformation, but its northeast part, bounded on the east by the Taihangshan and on the north by the Yanshan and Yinshan belts, underwent relatively stronger deformation. The Tangshan earthquake also changed the stress state of boundary faults of the North China, leading to an increase in shear stress and a decrease in normal stress in the NW-trending Zhangjiakou-Penglai fault through Tangshan City and the northern border faults of the Ordos block, and therefore raises the potential risk of earthquake occurrence. This result is supported by the facts that a series of Ms≥ 6 earthquakes took place at the northern margin of the Ordos block after the Tangshan earthquake.     

南秦岭构造带中-晚古生代伸展构造作用

华北板块与扬子板块于加里东晚期沿商丹带发生碰撞的同时,在扬子板块北缘,即现今南秦岭构造带,开始发育一条近东西向延伸的拉伸带,其中包括武当地块伸展滑脱构造、武当地块古生代大规模基性岩浆活动及其西侧紫阳-岚皋古生代碱性岩浆活动带、镇安-旬阳浅层塌陷盆地以及佛坪隆起等.该伸展构造带主体在时间上发生在秦岭两期碰撞事件之间,空间上位于南北两个缝合带之间,因此,是秦岭造山带演化过程中的一个非常重要的阶段.该伸展构造的开始很可能与南、北秦岭碰撞后的造山带重力塌陷有关,随着该伸展带南侧晚古生代勉略洋的形成,南秦岭逐渐演化为华北板块南侧的被动大陆边缘,从而使南秦岭的地壳伸展一直延续到早一中三叠世.武当地块伸展滑脱系统中顺层侵位的基性岩席群的年代学与岩石地球化学的研究表明,这些基性岩与勉略蛇绿岩组合中的变辉绿岩及变基性火山岩具有很大的相似性,因此勉略洋很可能也是南秦岭这次拉伸作用的结果.     

地幔对流的数值模拟及其与表面观测结果的关系

研究地幔介质的热与动力学过程(地幔对流)是了解发生在地表面的若干观测现象,诸如长波大地水准面异常、板块运动、地形特征和大地热流等形成原因的关键.相应的,一个现实合理的地幔对流模型必须与观测结果相容,并能对其作出合理的解释,这也是地幔对流研究与一般流体中热对流研究的区别     

氢在橄榄石中的溶解度

氢能够显著地影响岩石的物理性质,如岩石的流变等.它能赋存于通常不含水的矿物中,如上地幔的橄榄石.为了解上地幔的物理性质和地球化学过程,测量氢在橄榄石中的溶解度是非常重要的.在     

高温高压实验中重金属在硅酸盐熔体中溶解度研究及进展

本文对高温高压重金属溶解度研究的目的、内容进行了概述,并对国内外这一领域研究的历史、现状及有关实验技术方法进行了综述,重点在于对目前国内外研究的进展和方法的初步改进以及讨论高温高压实验对地质找矿的解释应用.     

玛尼昆仑山大震对青藏川滇块体系统稳定性影响数值模拟

用三维流变非连续变形与有限元相结合(DDA+FEM)的方法,在青藏川滇地区三维构造块体相互制约的大背景中,通过用GPS资料做位移速率边界约束和震源机制分布约束,计算得到研究区的初始位移场和应力场与该地区GPS测量结果和震源机制分布结果基本一致.表明青藏及其邻近地区由于受印度板块俯冲的强烈挤压及其内部物质东流的影响,现今位移速率场、构造应力场相当复杂.位移场从南边拉萨块体的北北东方向到其北面的羌塘、昆仑、柴达木块体的东部逐渐转为向东方向.     

0.5～1.5GPa下石膏脱水过程动态监测电导率法

在 0 .5～ 1 .5GPa,1 60～ 2 55℃条件下动态监测了石膏脱水过程中电导率随时间的变化。实验结果表明 ,脱水过程中电导率随时间的变化分两个阶段 :第一阶段电导率随时间的变化速率可间接地反映脱水反应的速率 ;第二阶段反映了流体中溶解离子的增多。相角随时间的变化可动态反映释放的水在矿物颗粒边缘的存在及连通性。电导率法是适用于含水矿物脱水过程动态监测及脱水过程中水的分布、迁移等动力学过程就位研究的有效方法。     

2001年8.1级昆仑山大震破裂过程及对2008年汶川8.0级大震孕育发生影响的研究

本文用三维流变非连续变形(块体边界)与有限元(块体内)相结合(DDA+FEM)的方法,在青藏高原及其东侧四川盆地,鄂尔多斯块体地区三维构造块体相互制约的大环境中,考虑了龙门山断裂带东西两侧地势、地壳厚度和分层的明显变化,及断裂带东侧四川盆地及鄂尔多斯块体坚硬地壳阻挡的影响,通过用GPS资料做位移速率边界约束和震源机制约...     

Impedance spectroscopy analysis on electrical properties of serpentine at high pressure and high temperature

The electrical conductivity of serpentine is measured and the microscopic conductance mechanisms are investigated with impedance spectroscopy at 2.5–4.0 GPa and 220–780°C. The results show that the electrical conductivity is strongly dependent on the frequencies used, and that only arc I, which reflects grain interior conductance, occurs and dominates the whole conductance processes over 12-10⁵Hz at high pressure before dehydration. The arc II, which indicates the grain boundary process, begins to occur at the initial stage of dehydration. After dehydration, due to the presence of highly conductive networks of free water, the electrical conductivity is not dependent on frequencies any longer and the total electrical conductivity is dominated by process of ionic conductance of free water in interconnected networks. Dehydration of serpentine enhances pronouncedly the total electrical conductivity, through which highly conductive layers (HCL) may be formed in the earth’s interior.     

辉绿岩脆-韧性变形转化的高温高压实验研究

辉绿岩是下地壳重要组成岩石之一.加强辉绿岩的变形特征和脆—韧性转化的实验研究,对于进一步认识大陆(伸长构造)和洋脊形成、对流以及较深层次地震分布模式有着重要意义.Kronenbevg 等(1980)