华南锋面和季风降水环流特征及加热结构对比分析

选取华南2017年5月15日两段不同系统影响的典型个例降水,基于ERA Interim分析资料和地面、雷达等观测资料,从两类降水的大尺度环境及中尺度特征方面探讨了两类降水系统的差异,并利用模式潜热廓线订正方案对两类降水个例的潜热进行反演。结果表明,季风降水主要受偏南风影响,边界层内强辐合、高温高湿,中高层（600~150 hPa）较强辐散,而锋面降水受低层锋面系统影响,对流层低层强辐合,800~300 hPa较强辐散,水汽输送深厚,斜压性结构明显,且垂直运动剧烈。除两者的辐合辐散中心、正涡度的中心以及水汽通量辐合中心和垂直运动大值中心所在的层次明显不同外,其强度也差别较明显,就垂直运动而言,锋面降水的最大值达-1.2 hPa/s,远远大于季风降水（-0.2 Pa/s）。两者的中尺度特征和加热结构也存在显著差异,季风降水中尺度雨团沿海岸线自西向东移动发展,潜热加热中心为单峰值,位于5~6 km;锋面降水中尺度雨团在一条西南-东北走向的雨带上不断向东南方向合并发展,潜热加热中心有两个,分别位于1~2 km和6~7 km。      

Development of 1km-Scale Operational Model in South China

To support short-range weather forecast, a high-resolution model (1km) is developed and technicallyupgraded in the South China Regional Center, including the improvement of the 3D reference scheme and predictor-corrector method for Semi-Implicit and Semi-Lagrangian (SISL) in model dynamical core, as well as the improvementof physical parameterization. Furthermore, the multi-process parallel I/O and parallel nudging techniques are developedand have facilitated rapid updating in the assimilation prediction system and fast-output post processing process. Theexperimental results show that the improved 3D reference scheme and upgraded physic schemes can effectively improvethe prediction accuracy and stability with a longer integration time step. The batch test shows that the precipitationforecast performance of 1-km model is significantly better than that of 3-km model. The 1-km model is in operation withrapidly updating cycle at 12-minute intervals, which can be applied to short-range forecast and nowcasting application.     

对流参数化方案的改进对GRAPES模式台风预报的影响研究

将由NCEP改进之后的SAS(Simplified Arakawa-Shubert Scheme)对流参数化方案（NSAS方案）应用到GRAPES模式中,并对“启德”台风进行模拟,通过和原来SAS方案的预报结果进行比较,发现新方案对台风路径预报有显著改进。通过对NSAS方案中几个新增加的因素进行敏感性试验,发现其中对由于对流引发的扰动气压场如何影响动量输送这个问题的处理使得台风路径预报效果变差,采用动量的水平混合代替风场切变来对扰动气压场进行参数化以后,可有效改进该方案的预报效果。考虑动量的水平混合系数随高度变化可进一步改善预报结果。通过比较多个台风的预报结果发现,这种改进对台风路径预报的改进较稳定      

季风槽环境中暴雨中尺度对流系统的分析与数值预报试验

应用地面降水观测资料、卫星云图、雷达回波以及NCEP再分析资料,对华南沿海受季风槽影响下发生的一次持续性暴雨的中尺度对流系统（MCS）进行分析,并探讨采用数值模式对中尺度对流系统降水进行预报的可能性。分析表明,暴雨由多个相继发展的中尺度对流系统造成。在相似环境中,不同中尺度对流系统发展形态和水平尺度有较大差异,最大可组织发展成α中尺度对流复合体（MCC）,但一般为β中尺度线状或带状对流系统。对其中发展形态分别表现为椭圆形中尺度对流复合体（MCS-2）和带状β中尺度对流系统（MCS-4）的对比分析发现,对流的起始发展均发生在夜间,与季风槽中低空急流的南风脉动有良好对应关系。基于临近探空资料的诊断发现,被认为对中尺度对流系统组织发展有指示作用的关键物理量如对流有效位能（CAPE）和风垂直切变难以区分不同中尺度对流系统的发展形态和趋势,探空资料的代表性将影响诸如“配料法”等暴雨客观预报方法的建立和应用。利用华南区域中心GRAPES（GRAPES_GZ）数值模式对两个中尺度对流系统进行的模拟预报结果表明,采用数值模式对中尺度对流系统降水进行显式预报已成为可能。比较而言,3 km水平分辨率模式可以更好地预报出暴雨的发生,但结果对是否调用对流参数化（CP）方案敏感。尽管不依靠对流参数化方案模式能够较好地预报出中尺度对流系统初始降水的发生,但会过度预报发展成熟后的降水。模式中如何描述中尺度对流系统对流的组织发展机制、如何处理对流参数化方案的“灰色区分辨率”问题需要仔细考虑。      

IAU-Replay初始化方法在华南暖区暴雨模拟中的应用研究

基于TRAMS (Tropical Regional Atmospheric Model System)区域模式和ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasting)全球分析场资料,对一次华南暖区暴雨过程进行IAU-Replay模拟试验。由于本次个例模拟试验的分析时刻ECMWF分析场和TRAMS模式正好处于比较协调的状态,直接使用全球分析场进行冷启动也不会激发虚假高频短波,因此IAU-Replay方法对于模拟结果的初始平衡性影响较小。从动力场和水物质场的对比可以发现,IAU-Replay方法通过提前启动模式有效避免了Spin-up过程的影响,这对于降水预报具有明显的改进效果。对IAU-Replay中不同预热时间的敏感性进行测试,发现当预热时间从6 h延长至12 h后模式可以更加合理地模拟出与对流系统中直接相关的中小尺度信息,从而使降水预报效果更接近实况。连续一周的预报结果评估进一步验证了IAU-Replay技术的有效性。     

FSS-based Evaluation on Monsoon Precipitation Forecasts in South China from Regional Models with Different Resolution

This study evaluated the forecast skill of CMA-GD 3 km and CMA-GD 1 km with hourly Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) for five monsoon precipitation events in South China from 2018 to 2020, using the fraction skill score (FSS) of the neighborhood spatial verification method. The results revealed that, among the 24-lead-hour forecasts in CMA-GD 3 km, the FSS for the 0.1 mm precipitation threshold increased linearly with the lead time from 3 to 1 hour, while there was no significant improvement in other lead times. For the 5 mm precipitation threshold, the forecast skill was highest for the latest 1-hour lead time, while the FSS showed slight variation between lead times of 24 hours and 8 hours. The FSS for 10 mm and 20 mm precipitation thresholds were similar to that of 5 mm, with the difference that the best score occurred at the 2-hour lead time. Among the 6-lead-hour forecasts in CMA-GD 1 km, the forecasts of the latest 1-hour lead time were the best choices for four precipitation thresholds. When comparing CMA-GD 3 km and CMA-GD 1 km, it was found that CMA-GD 3 km had better skill for forecasts of 0.1 mm and 5 mm precipitation at 2-hour and 1-hour lead times, while CMA-GD 1 km had better skill for all other forecasts, including the forecast of 20 mm precipitation nearly all lead hours (including 3- to 6-hour, and 1-hour lead times). The results suggest that the increased resolution of the model may be beneficial for precipitation forecasts in South China, especially for short-duration heavy precipitation over a longer lead hours. However, the limited sample size of this study calls for further evaluation using more cases to validate the results′ generality.