HLAFS显式云降水方案及其对暴雨和云的模拟(I)云降水显式方案

将三套显式云降水方案移植、耦合到国家气象中心业务有限区数值预报模式HLAFS中, 显式云降水方案包括双参数暖云方案、简化混合相云方案和双参数混合相云方案,明显地改进了原模式预报系统的湿物理过程,特别是对云降水过程的模拟能力.详细介绍了这三套云降水方案的物理过程,以及与动力框架的耦合.     

人工影响天气研究中心简介

中国气象科学研究院人工影响天气研究中I肝是我国在云物理学和人工影响天气领域的最高学术和研究中心。它的前身是中国气象科学研究院人工影响天气研究所。入工影响天气研究中心的主要研究方向为云物理学室内和外项研究、云物理学和入工影响天气的数值模拟和云播撒剂及其相关技术的研究。人工影响天气研究中心主要有三个研究组,它们是人工增水和防雹研究组、云雾环境实验室和人工影响天气网络指挥中心。入工影响天气研究中心具有我国最先进的室内和外场云物理实验设备、云播撒技术和可用于云物理学研究和人工影响天气的云微物理模式和中尺…     

INTERCOMPARISON OF OZONE VERTICAL PROFILES BETWEEN ECC OZONESONDE AND BREWER UMKEHR MADE OVER QINGHAI PLATEAU OF CHINA

From October 1995 to August 1996.a total of 50 ECC(electrochemical concentration cell)ozonesoundings were made in Xining(36.43°N,101.45°E,2296 m ASL)to study the distributionand seasonal characteristics of ozone profile,and intercompare the Brewer Umkehr ozone profilesobtained at Waliguan Baseline Station over the Qinghai Plateau.It was demonstrated that(1)Umkehr produced estimates of the ozone comparing with ECC profiles were accurate to better than25% in the 20—38 km altitude range,and where 23—33 km region was the most accurate,withinabout 15% of the ECC ozonesonde:(2)higher differences between Brewer Umkehr and ECCozonesonde occurred in the troposphere and lower stratosphere;and ozone amounts wereoverestimated in Umkehr layers 1,2 and 3,and were underestimated in Umkehr layers 6 and 7 byBrewer Umkehr method.     

利用GRAPES模式研究气溶胶对云和降水过程的影响

在GRAPES中尺度模式的双参数微物理方案中加入了气溶胶活化参数化过程,实现了对云滴数浓度的预报。选取不同季节两个降水过程进行模拟,并分别开展了不同气溶胶背景下的两个试验进行对比分析,研究气溶胶对云和降水可能的影响。结果表明:气溶胶浓度增加后,因为活化产生了更多尺度较小的云滴,抑制了云雨的自动转化,使大气中滞留了更多的云水,暖云降水减小;另一方面,云水的增加会使冰相粒子,尤其是雪和霰通过碰并云水等过程而增大,最后融化成雨增加冷云降水,同时冰相粒子增加会释放更多的潜热,促进上升气流的发展,进一步增加冷云降水。气溶胶对降水的影响存在空间不一致性,暖云较厚的地方暖雨过程受到的抑制明显,使地面降水减小,冷云厚度相对较厚时,冷云降水的增加会大于暖云降水的抑制,使地面降水增加。同时由于在云降水发展的不同阶段冷暖云的变化,气溶胶对降水的影响也存在着时间不一致性。     

山东省一次冰雹云过程的数值模拟

利用中国气象科学研究院的三维对流云模式,对发生在山东省的一次强降雹天气过程进行了数值模拟,并将模拟结果与雷达观测资料进行了检验.分析了风暴各发展阶段的流场结构和回波结构特征及微观物理量的分布及其演变.结果表明:雹胚源区出现在主上升气流前侧上升气流向辐散下沉气流的转向处,在垂直方向上位于最大上升速度上方;冰晶碰并过冷水形成霰和冰雹,冰雹粒子在气流循环处生长.研究结果对实际防雹业务有一定参考意义.     

云探测卫星CloudSat

介绍了一种新型的云探测卫星CloudSat.首先概述了CloudSat卫星所携带的探测仪器及"A-列车"星座,着重介绍该卫星的主要产品和获取方式,并给出两种天气形势个例的卫星监测,最后探讨了CloudSat卫星产品的可能应用情况.     

GRAPES全球模式云方案的诊断研究

在对GRAPES全球预报系统（GRAPES_GFS）云预报性能进行诊断评估的基础上,对凝结（华）和蒸发等物理过程及对流卷出对云的影响过程进行改进和优化,旨在提高GRAPES_GFS云量及其特征量和降水的预报精度。通过研究GRAPES全球模式、欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）和美国环境预报中心（NCEP）全球模式中3种云方案原理上的区别和联系,并将GRAPES_GFS预报结果与ECMWF第5代全球再分析资料（ERA5）做对比,分析云方案改进前后云量、云含水量、柱含水量等云宏观、微观物理量,降水量、向外长波辐射等基本物理量以及物理过程对温度和湿度的反馈倾向的预报性能,在此基础上对GRAPES_GFS原云方案进行改进。结果显示,云方案改进后,GRAPES_GFS在热带地区液水预报增大,云系和水成物垂直分布更合理;云量预报与ERA5预报结果更接近,特别是高云量预报的改进,使得热带向外长波辐射预报略有改进;低纬度地区日平均总降水量略有增大,特别是热带地区格点尺度降水增多较为明显,缓解了热带区域格点尺度降水预报偏小的现象。      

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDFALL TYPHOON KROSA

In this study,the super typhoon KROSA(2007)was simulated using a mesoscale numerical model Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System(GRAPES)with a two-moment mixed-phase microphysics scheme.Local rainfall observations,radar and satellite data were also used to analyze the precipitation structure and microphysical features.It was shown that low-level jets and unstable temperature stratification provided this precipitation process with favorable weather condition.Heavy rainfall centers were located in the north and east part of KROSA with the maxima of 6-hourly total rainfall during the simulation more than 100 mm.The quantities of column solid water and column liquid water were generally equivalent,indicating the important role of ice phase in precipitation formation.Results of CloudSat showed that strong convection occurred in the eyewall around the cyclonic center.According to the simulation results,heavy precipitation in the northeast part of the typhoon was mainly triggered by convective clouds,accompanied by the strongest updraft under the melting level.In the southwest part of KROSA,precipitation intensity was rather homogeneous.The ascending center occurred in high-level cold clouds,favoring the formation and growth of ice particles.     

SENSITIVITY OF LANDFALLING TYPHOON STRUCTURE AND PRECIPITATION TO VARYING CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES

Typhoon KROSA in 2007 is simulated using GRAPES, a mesoscale numerical model, in which a two-parameter mixed-phase microphysics scheme is implanted. A series of numerical experiments are designed to test the sensitivity of landfalling typhoon structure and precipitation to varying cloud microphysics and latent heat release. It is found that typhoon track is sensitive to different microphysical processes and latent heat release. The cloud structures of simulated cyclones can be quite different with that of varying microphysical processes. Graupel particles play an important role in the formation of local heavy rainfall and the maintenance of spiral rainbands. Analysis reveals that the feedback of latent heat to dynamic fields can significantly change the content and distribution of cloud hydrometeors, thus having an impact on surface precipitation.     

祁连山云系云微物理结构和人工增雨催化个例模拟研究

改进了胡志晋、刘奇俊的云物理方案,并实现了与GRAPES模式的耦合;利用包括了新云物理方案的GRAPES模式对祁连山地区一次山区云降水过程进行了数值模拟,研究了祁连山地区云系的微物理结构,并开展了人工催化的数值试验研究。结果表明：（1）耦合的双参数方案能够较好的模拟此次降水范围、强度及云场分布的特点和规律;（2）新方案给出了祁连山云系的合理微观结构和它的特征;（3）播撒冰晶可以增加降雨,在云初始阶段播撒增雨范围较广,在云发展阶段播撒增雨范围较集中;（4）播撒冰晶后,云的动力结构发生了改变。