Finite element analysis of three-dimensional groundwater flow problems

A numerical method is presented for analysing either steady state or transient three-dimensional groundwater flow problems. The governing equation is formulated in terms of the finite element process using the Galerkin approach, and cubic isoparametric elements are used to simulate the flow domain as these permit accurate modelling of curved boundaries. Particular attention is paid to the time dependent movement of the phreatic surface where an iterative technique based on the replacement of the original transient problem by a discrete number of steady state problems is used to effect a solution. Furthermore, in tracing the movement of the surface use is made of the element formulation theory in order to compute the normal to the boundary.The validity of the technique is first established by analysing a radially symmetrical problem for which an alternative analytical solution is available. Finally, a general three-dimensional flow system is studied for which there is no known analytical solution. It is shown that relatively few elements are required to yield practical solutions.     

塔里木板块西南缘晚侏罗世古地磁研究

塔里木板块西南缘托云、奥依塔格晚侏罗世古地磁研究,获得了托云地区特征磁化方向:Ds=1.5°,Is=50.8°;古地磁极:λ=81.0°,ψ=247.0°,古纬度31.5°N。奥依塔格地区特征磁化方向:Ds=118.4°,Is=55.9°;古地磁极:λ=4.9°,ψ=120.6°,古纬度=36.4°N。从古地磁结果认为:①托云和奥依塔格相对托云地区产生顺时针旋转;②这两个地区古纬度为31°～36°左右,与塔里木平均古纬度30°N是基本一致的,但与现在纬度差达8°～10°左右,造成纬度差主要原因是构造运动造成的;③塔里木晚侏罗世古地磁亦与华北、华南基本一致,说明晚侏罗世塔里木、华北、华南三板块已联合成一个整体,拼合成统一的中国大陆,其位于热带—亚热带古气候环境。     

阿尔金断裂带东段地表破裂分段研究

对活动断层进行正确的分段有助于我们对地震造成断层的发生、发展过程有一个正确的认识。阿尔金断裂带是青藏高原北部的巨型左旋走滑断裂带 ,将青藏高原和塔里木盆地两大构造单元截然分开。通过对阿尔金断裂带东部青崖子—宽滩山的Spot数字化卫星影像资料进行详细的分析 ,结合研究区内的断错地貌和前人的古地震研究成果 ,对阿尔金断裂带东段进行了地表破裂性分段。将阿尔金断裂带东段青崖子—宽滩山分为 3段 :青崖子—芦草湾为阿克塞破裂段 ;芦草湾—北祁连山逆断裂为疏勒河破裂段 ;北祁连山逆断裂—宽滩山为宽滩山破裂段。其中阿克塞破裂段的最后破裂时间晚于 (5 2 4± 0 4 0 )kaB .P .,疏勒河破裂段最后破裂时间早于 (6 97± 0 5 3)kaB .P .,而宽滩山段的最后破裂时间估计晚于 5kaB     

超高压变质作用不同阶段的流体变化：碧溪岭榴辉岩的氢、硼同位素分析

大别山碧溪岭榴辉岩中有三种含水矿物:多硅白云母、角闪石和黑云母,它们分别是超高压(UHP)阶段(即柯石英榴辉岩相阶段)或者石英榴辉岩相阶段、退变质后成合晶阶段和角闪岩相退变质阶段的产物,本文利用离子探针技术对它们进行了氢同位素和硼同位素的分析。三种矿物内部的同位素组成都是均一的,多硅白云母的δD为-105‰±9‰,δ~(11)B为-25.9‰±2.0‰;角闪石的δD为-100‰±9‰,δ~(11)B为-24.4‰±0.9‰;黑云母的δD为-65‰±4‰,δ~(11)B为-19.3‰±1.3‰。多硅白云母和角闪石的氢-硼同位素组成在误差范围内是相同的,而和黑云母则有明显的差别,这表明,从UHP阶段或者石英榴辉岩相阶段到随后的后成合晶阶段,变质流体是内部缓冲的,而在角闪岩相变质阶段,则有了外来流体的加入,这个流体是相对富集D和~(11)B的。碧溪岭榴辉岩矿物相对于其地壳原岩表现出低δ~(11)B的特征,说明俯冲过程中板块经历了强烈的脱硼。     

Shear Wave Anisotropy of the Upper Mantle Beneath the Region from Tingri of Tibet to Golmud of Qinghai

Measurements of shear wave splitting at 43 three-component seismic stationsshow very big difference in anisotropy on both sides of the Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture(ITS), but little difference on both sides of the older Bangong-Nujiang suture (BNS) and theJinsha River suture (JS) to its north. Obvious discrepancy exists between the anisotropy direc-tion and the superficial tectonic trends, which is not explicable directly by the coherent uppermantle deformation usually supposed to occur in consistency with the trend of a collisional belt.On the other hand, strong spatial relationships are observed from the anisotropy results, such asthe orthogonal directions of anisotropy on both sides of ITS and the good correlation betweenthe region of larger magnitude of anisotropy and the zone of inefficient Sn propagation ofQiangtang as well as the systematic rotation of the directions of anisotropy, which should testifysome much more complicated aspects of the continental convergence mechanism. To the best ofour data, we tend to suppose that the Qinghai-Tibet plateau might result from a mechanismcomplicated by the coexistence of Argand's underthrusting and Dewey's diffuse deformation.     

单个裂隙中油运移实验及特征分析

利用狭窄平行板裂隙模型来模拟和分析单个裂隙内油运移的过程。实验中采用表面起伏的玻璃板制作平行板裂隙模型,通过改变水中蔗糖的浓度控制两相流体间的密度差,来分析不同密度差和注入速率条件下油的运移过程和特征。观察发现,油在饱含水的狭窄裂隙空间内的运移特征与在孔隙介质中的运移有相似之处:运移的路径只占通道的一部分,都具有不规则的分形特征,也可形成活塞式、指进式和路径式等模式。而这些模式的形成也同样受各种因素的影响。利用孔隙介质中油运移实验结果总结出来的、以Bo数和Ca数为纵横坐标运移相图完全可以用来表征单个裂隙中油的运移模式。     

Kinematic History and Changes in the Tectonic StressRegime during the Cenozoic along the Qinling andSouthern Tanlu Fault Zones

Since the mid-late Eocene, North China has been subjected to extensional stress, resulting in the formation and development of basins. The dynamic origin of this crustal extension has long been an issue of debate. This paper presents the results of kinematic analyses of faults obtained from two seperated areas in North China. In the Weihe graben situated on the southernmost margin of the Ordos block, analyses of fault kinematics were coupled with an analysis of the basin's subsidence history. Three successive extensional tectonic phases accompaning the basin's formation and development have been distinguished. The Palaeogene extension was oriented in a WNW-ESE direction; the Neogene extension in a NE-SW direction and the Pliocene-Quaternary extension in a NW-SE direction. Such changes have also been recorded by fault kinematics along the southern Tanlu fault zone. This has been demonstrated by three successive sets of fault striations indicating normal dip slip resulting from NW-SE extension, then left-     

Experimental Study of Partial Melting of Mantle Peridotite -A Discussion about the Genesis of Sih'ca-rich Fluids (Melts)

Experiments on partial melting of mantle lherzolite have been realized at 0.6 and 1.0 GPa and the chemical compositional variations of melts during different melting stages have been first discussed. The results show that the trends of variations in SiO2, CaO, Al2O3, Na2O and TiO2 are different at different melting stages. The melts produced at lower pressure are richer in SiO2 than those at higher pressure. The mantle-derived silica-rich fluids (silicate melts) are polygenetic, but the basic and intermediate-acid silicate melts in mantle peridotite xenoliths from the same host rocks, which have equivalent contents of volatile and alkali components and different contents of other components, should result from in-situ (low-degree) partial melting of mantle peridotite under different conditions (e.g. at different depths, with introduction of C-O-H fluids or in the presence of metasomatic minerals). The intermediate-acid melts may be the result of partial melting (at lower pressure) Opx + Sp + K-Na-rich f     

Holocene changes in climate and land use drove shifts in the diversity of testate amoebae in a subalpine pond

Testate amoebae that inhabit peat are sensitive indicators of water table position. In this study, we used testate amoebae in sediments from a mire in the western Alps (Lac du Thyl) to: (1) reconstruct the hydrology of the site over the last 7,000 years, (2) determine how hydrological changes affected testate amoebae diversity and (3) infer past trophic state shifts. The study site is located in one of the driest valleys of the Alps and is thus very sensitive to hydrological changes. Our study revealed that the water table depth increased (dry conditions) between 5,800 and 4,000 cal year BP. This triggered establishment of a Sphagnum-type peat and acidic conditions from 5,700 to 4,000 cal year BP. These processes were independent of ongoing transformations of the terrestrial vegetation and soil in the catchment area. After 1,690 cal year BP, the depth to the water table decreased (wetter conditions) and a minerotrophic fen developed. At the same time, the diversity of testate amoebae increased, probably as a result of deforestation that supported the expansion of grassland. Climate and land use were apparently more important factors controlling the lake hydrology than were changes in vegetation and soil in the catchment. Testate amoebae diversity was linked to land cover. Changes in pH were controlled indirectly by external forcing (climate), but more directly by fluctuations in the level of the water table (internal forcing) and autogenous expansion of Sphagnum.