2000~2014年黑龙江流域（中国）植被覆盖时空变化及其对气候变化的响应

采用MODIS/NDVI数据,利用Theil-Sen Median 趋势分析、Mann-Kendall 以及Hurst指数方法分析2000~2014年黑龙江流域（中国）植被的时空变化特征、植被变化发展趋势及可持续性特征;应用相关分析法研究了气候变化对植被生长的影响。结果表明,2000~2014年黑龙江流域（中国）植被NDVI指数呈缓慢增加趋势,山区植被覆盖增加显著,东北部平原区植被覆盖持续退化,总体上植被覆盖持续改善能力较弱。植被NDVI对气候响应的季节差异显著,且不同类型植被对气候因子的响应不一致：春季植被NDVI主要受温度影响,夏季植被NDVI主要受降水量影响,秋季林地NDVI与温度正相关、草地NDVI与降雨量正相关。     

洞庭湖植被对降水的响应

We analyzed the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from satellite images and precipitation data from meteorological stations from 1998 to 2007 in the Dongting Lake wetland watershed to better understand the eco-hydrological effect of atmospheric precipitation and its relationship with vegetation. First,we analyzed its general spatio-temporal distribution using its mean,standard deviation and linear trend. Then,we used the Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) method to decompose the NDVI and precipitation data into spatial and temporal modes. We selected four leading modes based on North and Scree test rules and analyzed the synchronous seasonal and inter-annual variability between the vegetation index and precipitation,distinguishing time-lagged correlations between EOF modes with the correlative degree analysis method. According to our detailed analyses,the vegetation index and precipitation exhibit a prominent correlation in spatial distribution and seasonal variation. At the 90% confidence level,the time lag is around 110 to 140 days,which matches well with the seasonal variation.     

GIS支持下的基于DEM的水文响应单元划分——以洞庭湖为例

在GIS技术支持下,以洞庭湖为研究区,设计了水文响应单元划分的实现方案和算法,即用适度指数法确定合理的集水面积阈值,从DEM中提取子流域,并与土地利用和土壤类型图进行空间叠加分析,使得生成的每个水文单元仅含有单一的土地利用和土壤类型。结果表明:洞庭湖流域被离散成105个子流域、19 759个水文响应单元,符合分布式水文模型构建的需求;适度指数法用于设置合理的集水面积阈值,避免了人工率定阈值带来的不确定性,提高了子流域生成的精度和智能性。     

基于模型集成的北京湿地价值评价系统设计与实现

湿地价值评价让公众和管理者很直观了解湿地功能及价值大小,对于湿地保护宣传和湿地管理都有着重要的意义。本文在北京湿地的大气调节、气候调节、蓄水调洪、水质净化、地下水补给、控制土壤侵蚀、生物多样性、滞尘、生物产品、水源供给、文化遗产和旅游休憩等12项价值评价方法研究基础上,利用ArcGIS Model Builder等多种建模方式,构建了12项湿地价值评价模型,并基于ArcGIS Engine二次开发组件,在.NET环境下设计和实现了北京湿地价值评价系统。结果表明:(1)先建立模型及工具集,然后进行统一封装和调用,最后开发应用系统,这种湿地价值评价系统设计与开发方式快速简单、容易实现、而且稳定可靠;(2)该系统可以有效管理湿地资源数据,方便快捷地完成湿地资源各项功能价值评价和综合价值测算,快速获得北京湿地的各个湿地斑块、各种类型湿地、各行政区县和任何统计单元的湿地单项功能价值和综合功能价值量,还可以快速编制湿地价值空间图和统计报表;(3)该系统为湿地价值评价提供了一种自动化、流程化、标准化的测量方法,具有一定的推广潜力。     

北京城市湿地时空演变及驱动力定量分析(英文)

The decision tree and the threshold methods have been adopted to delineate boundaries and features of water bodies from LANDSAT images. After a spatial overlay analysis and using a remote sensing technique and the wetland inventory data in Beijing, the water bodies were visually classified into different types of urban wetlands, and data on the urban wetlands of Beijing in 1986, 1991, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2004 and 2007 were obtained. Thirteen driving factors that affect wetland change were selected, and gray correlation analysis was employed to calculate the correlation between each driving factor and the total area of urban wetlands. Then, six major driving factors were selected based on the correlation coefficient, and the contribution rates of these six driving factors to the area change of various urban wetlands were calculated based on canonical correlation analysis. After that, this research analyzed the relationship and mechanism between the main driving factors and various types of wetlands. Five conclusions can be drawn. (1) The total area of surface water bodies in Beijing increased from 1986 to 1996, and gradually decreased from 1996 to 2007. (2) The areas of the river wetlands, water storage areas and pool and culture areas gradually decreased, and its variation tendency is consistent with that of the total area of wetlands. The area of the mining water areas and wastewater treatment plants slightly increased. (3) The six factors of driving forces are the annual rainfall, the evaporation, the quantity of inflow water, the volume of groundwater available, the urbanization rate and the daily average discharge of wastewater are the main factors affecting changes in the wetland areas, and they correlate well with the total area of wetlands. (4) The hydrologic indicators of water resources such as the quantity of inflow water and the volume of groundwater are the most important and direct driving forces that affect the change of the wetland area. These factors have a combined contribution rate of 43.94%. (5) Climate factors such as rainfall and evaporation are external factors that affect the changes in wetland area, and they have a contribution rate of 36.54%. (6) Human activities such as the urbanization rate and the daily average quantity of waste-water are major artificial driving factors. They have an influence rate of 19.52%.     

基于遥感与GIS的辽河三角洲湿地资源变化及驱动力分析

以1986 年和2000 年遥感影像为基本信息源，在GIS 技术支持下,建立湿地空间数据库，分析15 a来研究区湿地资源的时空变 化特征及驱动力。结果表明，水稻田和虾蟹池面积大量增加，空间分布趋于集中化；  沼泽地和滩涂面积不断萎缩，面积大减，破碎 化程度日益严重； 人口压力、传统工农业生产和经营方式及人们对经济利益追求是湿地资源变化的重要原因。     

在GIS软件中的拓扑关系及判定法则

地理信息系统,在地理空间信息和数据库属性数据的管理中的地位和作用越来越明显,数字地图是GIS输入、输出的主要形式,数字地图通过内业矢量化或全野外采集的方式形成后,数据的关系依靠拓扑技术进行处理。论述了数据中点、线、面之间的关系,制定判定法则,判定它们的拓扑关系或添加一定的关系,使大量杂乱无章的数据建立或转换成另一种拓扑关系以达到处理信息的目的。特别就“交点计数检验法”进行了完善,保证了各种特殊情况处理方法的正确性。根据判别规则和方法,可以实现“缓冲区分析”、“自动裁剪线”、“自动形成封闭面”等拓扑处理功能。     

基于NOAA NDVI 的中国植被绿度始期变化

在对1982-1999 年NOAA/AVHRR NDVI 数据集进行缺失处理、平滑处理以及残存误差订正的基础上,利 用基于NDVI 累积频率曲线的Logistic 拟合模型计算生成了各年份全国植被绿度始期数据, 统计了所有气候植被 类型和生物气候区的平均绿度始期,并对不同空间类型植被绿度始期的年际变化趋势与显著性程度、时空变化特 征等做了统计分析。结果表明：①全国大部分地区植被绿度始期呈提前趋势,其中华北平原、贵州东北部、湖南中南 部山地丘陵区、广东西部地区以及内蒙古高原东部典型草原区等明显提前。②植被绿度始期年际波动程度高于10 天的地区主要分布在农业植被区、常绿植被区和草原区,其中河套平原、关中盆地、河南中东部、川西盆地、广东、藏 东南边缘地带以及台湾部分地区超过15 天。③除温带荒漠以外,其它所有植被类型绿度始期均为提前趋势。④从 各生物气候区空间变化来看,随着年积温降低和干旱指数增大,植被绿度始期大致呈推迟趋势;从年际变化来看, 华南、华东、华中、华北、内蒙、东北和青藏区植被绿度始期提前,陕晋和西北区植被绿度始期推迟。⑤受1982～1983 年厄尔尼诺事件影响,各空间类型植被绿度始期分别表现为推迟和提前趋势。     

基于遥感与GIS的北方农牧交错带生态环境背景状况评价与分析

中国北方农牧交错带受自然条件和人为活动等多种因素的综合影响,生态环境退化问题比较突出,是生态环境退化研究的典型区和理想地带。以此作为研究对象,选择能反映生态环境特点的多种空间数据信息,利用数字网格模型,通过采用空间叠加的分析方法,评估北方农牧交错带的生态环境背景状况,并对其空间格局特征进行研究。结果表明:（1）北方农牧交错带生态环境背景状况从东南向西北逐渐变差;（2）在北方农牧交错带205个旗县中,绝大部分旗县的生态环境背景状况为一般;宁夏盐池县生态环境背景状况最差,河北兴隆县生态环境背景状况最好。