资料同化对2017年登陆广东沿海台风的短期降水与路径预报影响

利用华南精细数值天气预报模式,设计了无同化资料(CTRL)、同化雷达反演水汽(EXP1)以及同化雷达反演水汽、地面和探空资料(EXP2)三个试验,对2017年登陆广东沿海的四个台风降水预报与路径预报进行模拟,以评估资料同化对登陆台风短期降水预报、路径预报的影响。分析结果如下:雷达反演水汽同化后对未来24小时降水预报技巧均有正的改善,对台风路径预报影响不大;在此基础上同化地面、探空资料后对台风路径预报有改进,对降水预报改进不明显(与EXP1比)。通过诊断分析台风“玛娃”,发现模式初值场水汽的增量配合对流上升区有利于短时间内成云致雨,从而提高短时降水预报;地面及探空资料同化有利于登陆台风的短时路径预报。      

SENSITIVITY OF MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS AND ASSOCIATED HEAVY RAINFALL TO SOIL MOISTURE OVER SOUTH CHINA

The impacts of soil moisture(SM) on heavy rainfall and the development of Mesoscale Convection Systems(MCSs) are investigated through 24-h numerical simulations of two heavy rainfall events that occurred respectively on28 March 2009(Case 1) and 6 May 2010(Case 2) over southern China. The numerical simulations were carried out with WRF and its coupled Noah LSM(Land Surface Model). First, comparative experiments were driven by two different SM data sources from NCEP-FNL and NASA-GLDAS. Secondary, with the run driven by NASA-GLDAS data as a control one, a series of sensitivity tests with different degree of(20%, 60%) increase or decrease in the initial SM were performed to examine the impact of SM on the simulations. Comparative experiment results show that the 24-h simulated cumulative rainfall distributions are not substantially affected by the application of the two different SM data,while the precipitation intensity is changed to some extent. Forecast skill scores show that simulation with NASA-GLDAS SM data can lead to some improvement, especially in the heavy rain(芏50 mm) forecast, where there is up to 5% increase in the TS score. Sensitivity test analysis found that a predominantly positive feedback of SM on precipitation existed in these two heavy rain events but not with completely the same features. Organization of the heavy rainfall-producing MCS seems to have an impact on the feedback process between SM and precipitation. For Case 1, the MCS was poorly organized and occurred locally in late afternoon, and the increase of SM only caused a slight enhancement of precipitation. Drier soil was found to result in an apparent decrease of rainfall intensity,indicating that precipitation is more sensitive to SM reduction. For Case 2, as the heavy rain was caused by a well-organized MCS with sustained precipitation, the rainfall is more sensitive to SM increase, which brings more rainfall. Additionally, distinctive feedback effects were identified from different stages and different organization of MCS, with strong feedback between SM and precipitation mainly appearing in the early stages of the poorly organized MCS and during the late period of the well-organized MCS.     

APPLICATION EXPERIMENT OF ASSIMILATING RADAR-RETRIEVED WATER VAPOR IN SHORT-RANGE FORECAST OF RAINFALL IN THE ANNUALLY FIRST RAINY SEASON OVER SOUTH CHINA

A scheme of assimilating radar-retrieved water vapor is adopted to improve the quality of NWP initial field for improvement of the accuracy of short-range precipitation prediction. To reveal the impact of the assimilation of radar-retrieved water vapor on short-term precipitation forecast, three parallel experiments, cold start, hot start and hot start plus the assimilation of radar-retrieved water vapor, are designed to simulate the 31 days of May, 2013 with a fine numerical model for South China. Furthermore, a case of heavy rain that occurred from 8—9 May 2013 over the region from the southwest of Guangdong province to Pearl River Delta is analyzed in detail. Results show that the cold start experiment is not conducive to precipitation 12 hours ahead; the hot start experiment is able to reproduce well the first 6 hours of precipitation, but badly for subsequent prediction; the experiment of assimilating radar-retrieved water vapor is not only able to simulate well the precipitation 6 hours ahead, but also able to correctly predict the evolution of rain bands from 6 to 12 hours in advance.     

不同水汽分析场对一次华南前汛期暴雨预报的影响分析

利用华南高分辨率模式分析了不同水汽分析场对一次华南前汛期暴雨模式预报效果的影响。分别使用来自NCEP-GFS（Global forecast system）和ECMWF-IFS（Integrated forecast system）两个不同预报系统提供的分析场进行模拟发现,使用IFS模式提供的初始场进行预报能够得到更为合理的降水预报效果,并发现初值中850hPa高度以下的水汽对本次过程的降水预报结果具有显著影响。由于在华南地区两种初始场内低层的水汽分布存在较大差异,导致了模式预报过程中出现了不同的降水发生机制,最终导致降水预报出现明显的偏差。在GFS分析场的基础上,进一步利用GRAPES-3DVar系统对常规观测资料进行再次同化,发现同化对本次降水过程的前期预报有改进,但是对24 h累计降水的预报改进并不明显。     

Forecast Performance of the Pre-operational CMA-TRAMS (EPS) in South China During April - September 2020

The mesoscale ensemble prediction system based on the Tropical Regional Atmosphere Model for the South China Sea (CMA-TRAMS (EPS)) has been pre-operational since April 2020 at South China Regional Meteorological Center (SCRMC), which was developed by the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology (GITMM). To better understand the performance of the CMA-TRAMS (EPS) and provide guidance to forecasters, we assess the performance of this system on both deterministic and probabilistic forecasts from April to September 2020 in this study through objective verification. Compared with the control (deterministic) forecasts, the ensemble mean of the CMATRAMS (EPS) shows advantages in most non-precipitation variables. In addition, the threat score indicates that the CMA-TRAMS (EPS) obviously improves light and heavy rainfall forecasts in terms of the probability-matched mean. Compared with the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts operational ensemble prediction system (ECMWF-EPS), the CMA-TRAMS (EPS) improves the probabilistic forecasts of light rainfall in terms of accuracy, reliability and discrimination, and this system also improves the heavy rainfall forecasts in terms of discrimination. Moreover, two typical heavy rainfall cases in south China during the pre-summer rainy season are investigated to visually demonstrate the deterministic and probabilistic forecasts, and the results of these two cases indicate the differences and advantages (deficiencies) of the two ensemble systems.     

CFD方法在街巷气象场模拟和预测中的应用

为开发建立米级分辨率的城市街巷气象场模拟预测方案，以PHOENICS为例介绍了计算流体力学（CFD）方法的原理，讨论了该方法应用于街巷气象要素数值计算的可行性。提出了一种基于CFD模型与高分辨率数值天气预报模式嵌套的街渠气象场模拟预测方案，并对边界嵌套问题作了多种敏感性分析，表明嵌套对街渠气象场计算具有必要性和可行性；另外，还讨论了分辨率对计算结果和计算耗时的影响；最后，用实例介绍了本方案的应用，并讨论了本方法的应用前景。     

一种实用的街区局地气象场计算方法

将计算流体力学(CFD)技术与中尺度数值天气模式预报结合,提出了一种实现米级分辨率的街区局地气象场的计算方法。介绍了该方法的基本原理、特点、实现条件和用途等,并用实例展示了其应用领域。     

对流参数化与微物理过程的耦合及其对台风预报的影响研究

在SAS（Relaxed Arakawa-schubert Scheme）对流参数化方案中引入对流云和层状云的相互耦合机制,并通过一个台风个例对改进前后两种方案的预报效果进行了比较。试验结果表明：对于台风这种对流云和层状云相互作用非常强烈的天气系统,在对流参数化方案中引入对流云和层状云的耦合机制可以有效地提高模式对台风路径的预报水平,但是对于台风强度的预报效果不明显。考虑对流参数化和微物理过程耦合后模式的参数化降水变弱而格点降水增强,与NCEP再分析资料的对比发现,改进方案对于台风外围的大尺度温度场和湿度场的预报会有所改进,但仍然存在偏干偏冷的现象。对雨和雪的不同处理方式、不同云底条件以及是否考虑雨雪的卷入抬升三个方面进行了敏感性试验,发现72 h内模式预报结果对这些因素的差异不是很敏感。从多个个例的统计结果来看,新方案对台风路径预报的改进效果是比较稳定的。     

基于GRAPES模式的广州地区大气输送扩散参数及其对PM2.5预报的应用

利用2010年11月—2011年11月广州地区PM2.5逐时监测资料以及GRAPES模式计算的四种大气输送扩散参数预报值,分析评估模式描述四种大气输送扩散参数的性能及其预报广州地区PM2.5浓度的可行性,结果表明:GRAPES模式不同时刻起报的地面通风系数、平均通风系数和湍流动能的预报稳定性与一致性较好,而垂直交换系数相对较差。垂直交换系数、地面通风系数、平均通风系数和湍流动能的量级分别为101、103、103和10-1～100。PM2.5浓度与大气输送扩散参数呈显著负相关,其中PM2.5与14时起报的垂直交换系数相关性最好。使用临界成功指数CSI对PM2.5浓度进行预报检验,得到垂直交换系数对PM2.5的预报稳定性较好,垂直交换系数能大概判别PM2.5为“污染”与“清洁”情况,临界成功指数部分可达70%。垂直交换系数与PM2.5浓度存在显著的超前滞后相关,预报PM2.5浓度是否为“污染”与“清洁”可同时参考原序列及滞后序列的预报效果。      

地形重力波拖曳参数化方案在华南中尺度模式（GRAPES）中的应用试验

在华南中尺度模式GRAPES中发展KA95方案地形重力波拖曳参数化方案(GWDO),并对2012年的2月8—12日影响华南冷空气过程、8月23—24日发生在广东的局地性暴雨和5—8月共4个月的KA95方案预报试验进行检验。结果表明,KA95地形重力波拖曳参数化方案的引入,改善了GRAPES模式对冬、春季低层南风偏强和地面温度偏高的现象,一定程度上纠正了在模式积分过程中出现的南风偏差,改正了在业务预报中因南风偏强而导致温度偏差过大的现象;改善了模式对局地强降水强度和落区的预报,减小了大雨和暴雨的漏报率和预报偏差,提高了GRAPES模式对降水的预报效果。