WRF模式中台风"启德"模拟对 参数化方案的敏感性分析

为准确模拟台风路径和强度,采用WRF模式比较不同微物理过程和积云对流过程参数化方案对台风路径和强度模拟的影响,并基于集合预报方法考虑对台风预报系统误差进行优化。选用4种微物理过程方案和3种积云对流参数化方案,针对1213号台风“启德”进行模拟,结果表明不同的参数化方案对台风路径和强度的预报结果有明显影响,积云对流过程参数化方案相对于微物理过程参数化方案更加敏感。基于不同参数化方案扰动成员的集合平均预报方法,对于台风路径和强度的模拟误差均有明显改善,台风路径误差随时间增幅较小,其结果优于全部12个单方案试验的模拟结果;从台风强度方面来看,基于集合预报方法模拟得到的台风强度变化趋势与实况结果一致,且误差较小,优于大多数试验方案。结果表明:采用不同微物理过程和积云对流过程参数化方案的组合构建的集合预报模型,对于台风路径和强度的模拟均有一定程度改善,减小了采用不同参数化方案产生的路径不确定性,使其在台风“启德”的路径模拟上与实况更为接近,可为提升台风预报能力提供科学参考。     

迁移学习支持下的高分影像积云提取方法研究

针对传统影像质量检查工作中积云提取存在人工作业量大、操作烦琐等问题,本文通过引入迁移学习机制,将已有数据集训练过程中得到的神经网络参数迁移到解译模型构建中,提出了一种适用于积云的自动提取方法。本文以湖南省不动产统一登记基础数据为实验对象进行了实验,结果表明,本文方法的浓积云提取总体精度可以达到90%以上,淡积云提取的总体精度可以达到87.3%,表明本文研究可用于高分影像积云自动提取。     

China summer precipitation simulations using an optimal ensemble of cumulus schemes

RegCM3 (REGional Climate Model) simulations of precipitation in China in 1991 and 1998 are very sensitive to the cumulus parameterization. Among the four schemes available, none has superior skills over the whole of China, but each captures certain observed signals in distinct regions. The Grell scheme with the Fritsch-Chappell closure produces the smallest biases over the North; the Grell scheme with the Arakawa-Schubert closure performs the best over the southeast of 100°E; the Anthes-Kuo scheme is superior over the northeast; and the Emanuel scheme is more realistic over the southwest of 100°E and along the Yangtze River Basin. These differences indicate a strong degree of independence and complementarity between the parameterizations. As such, an ensemble is developed from the four schemes, whose relative contributions or weights are optimized locally to yield overall minimum root-mean-square errors from observed daily precipitation. The skill gain is evaluated by applying the identical distribution of the weights in a different period. It is shown that the ensemble always produces gross biases that are smaller than the individual schemes in both 1991 and 1998. The ensemble, however, cannot eliminate the large rainfall deficits over the southwest of 100°E and along the Yangtze River Basin that are systematic across all schemes. Further improve-ments can be made by a super-ensemble based on more cumulus schemes and/or multiple models.     

SAMIL模式中Tiedtke 积云对流方案对热带降水模拟的影响

目前, 大多数全球耦合模式及大气环流模式在降水模拟中普遍存在不同程度的“热带偏差”问题, 中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室所发展的全球大气环流谱模式SAMIL-R42L26也存在这一现象, 主要表现在SPCZ (南太平洋辐合区) 降水过强且过分东伸、 赤道附近降水偏少等方面。本文通过修改SAMIL中的积云对流方案有效地削弱了这一偏差, 并进一步探讨其原因, 发现对流方案修改后, 改变了对流层低层至地面的温度分布状态, 进而影响了风速及散度场的模拟, 最终通过垂直速度的调整反作用于对流过程。比较修改前后对流过程云底质量通量, 发现修改后的方案主要通过削弱浅对流来提高热带降水的模拟性能。     

Experimental Dynamical Forecast of an MJO Event Observed during TOGA-COARE Period

With a hybrid atmosphere-ocean coupled model we carried out an experimental forecast of a well documented Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) event that was observed during the period of Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA-COARE). The observed event, originated in the western Indian Ocean around 6 January 1993, moved eastward with a phase speed of about 6.2 m s-1 and reached the dateline around February 1. The hybrid coupled model reasonably forecasts the MJO initiation in the western Indian Ocean, but the predicted MJO event propagates too slow (~ 4.4 m s-1). Results from previous observational studies using unprecedented humidity profiles obtained by NASA Aqua/AIRS satellite suggested that two potential physical processes may be responsible for this model caveat. After improving the cumulus parameterization scheme based on the observations, the model is able to forecast the same event one month ahead. Further sensitivity experiment confirms that the speed-up of model MJO propagation is primarily due to the improved convective scheme. Further, air-sea coupling plays an important role in maintaining the intensity of the predicted MJO. The results here suggest that MJO prediction skill is sensitive to model cumulus parameterization and air-sea coupling. Citation: Fu, X., B. Wang, Q. Bao, et al., 2008: Experimental dynamical forecast of an MJO event observed during TOGA-COARE period, Atmos. Oceanic Sci. Lett., 1, 24-28     

RIEMS中积云对流参数化方案对我国降水的影响

利用区域环境集成系统模式RIEMS选择Kuo-anthes(KA)和Grell(GCC)积云对流参数化方案,进行1991年5～8月敏感性试验,重点考察了区域环境集成系统模式中两种积云对流参数化方案对1991年江淮流域持续性暴雨的模拟能力.结果表明:1)对于200 hPa西风急流的位置和强度来说,采用GCC积云对流参数化方案较采用KA对流参数化方案,RIEMS模式模拟的结果更加接近观测;2)不管模式采用哪种参数化方案,RIEMS模式都能模拟出850 hPa上的水汽输送和流场,但模式模拟的水汽输送都比观测强;3)不管是采用GCC方案还是KA方案RIEMS模式基本上能够模拟出平均气温的空间分布,但对于长江以南地区,模式模拟的温度较观测偏低,对长江以北地区模式模拟的温度偏高.而采用GCC方案模式模拟的温度更加接近观测,并且对大部分地区温度偏差在-1.65～1.5℃;4)对于降水来说,采用GCC方案模式能够较好地模拟降水的空间分布特征以及雨带季节性移动,但模拟的雨带较观测的偏北,大约为1～2纬度.尽管GCC积云对流参数化方案在RIEMS模式中模拟中国地区降水更加接近观测,但由于积云对流参数化在不同水平分辨率下影响模式模拟的效果,因此对利用RIEMS模式进行数值模拟应考虑不同水平分辨下积云对流参数化方案的适用范围.     

中国夏季不同强度降水模拟对不同积云对流参数化方案的敏感性研究

利用PσRCM9区域气候模式, 分析了中国夏季不同强度降水模拟对不同积云对流参数化方案的敏感性。结果表明, 采用四种积云对流参数化方案, 模式能够模拟出小雨、 大雨和暴雨的雨量百分比和雨日百分比空间分布的一致性特征, 但不能模拟出中雨雨量百分比和雨日百分比空间分布的相似性, 这是由于模式不能模拟中雨雨量百分比的空间分布形式所致。还发现模拟的我国夏季降水以小雨和中雨为主, 四种积云对流参数化方案均低估了中国夏季大雨和暴雨对总降水的贡献, 尤其是在我国西部、 东北和华北地区更明显。不同积云对流参数化方案下模拟的极端强降水阈值的空间分布形式基本与观测一致, 但强度与观测存在较大差异。相比较而言, Grell方案较Kuo、 Anthes-Kuo和Betts-Mille积云对流参数化方案更适合中国东南部地区夏季极端强降水的模拟。     

GRAPES的积云对流参数化方案性能评估及其改进试验

利用GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)单柱模式(Single Column Model,SCM),采用GCSS WG4第三次个例资料,对BMJ、SAS和KFeta三种积云参数化方案进行了数值试验和诊断分析,得到如下结论:BMJ和KFeta方案都能较好地模拟出与观测相符的降水,而SAS则相对较差;BMJ方案在对流层中高层位温误差较小,低层偏冷严重,同时该方案具有较强的水汽向上输送能力,易造成低层偏干,中高层偏湿,因此其调整的大气层结过于稳定;KFeta方案倾向于造成低层偏冷偏湿,但低层偏冷幅度相对于其他方案较小,在对流层高层则由于对流穿透过强导致严重偏冷.针对KFeta方案对流穿透过强的问题,本文提出了一种新的对其垂直速度方程进行修改的方案,并且考察了Anderson等提出的修改流出层方案.数值试验表明,这两种修改都能有效地减小高层冷误差;综合来看,本文提出的修改方案的预报效果更令人满意.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION AND THE EFFECT OF WARM SST

An atmospheric general circulation model is used in a series of three experiments to simulate the intraseasonaloscillation in the tropical atmosphere.Analyses of the model daily data show that various physical variables,from sever-al different regions,exhibit fluctuations with a spectral peak between 30 and 60 days.This represents a 30—60 dayoscillation in the tropical atmosphere and possesses several features which are consistent with observations.These in-clude a horizontal structure dominated by zonal wavenumber 1 and a vertical structure which is predominantlybaroclinic.The effect of warm SST (sea surface temperature) anomalies on the 30—60 day oscillation in the tropical atmos-phere is also simulated by prescribing global SST as observed in 1983.This has the effect of weakening the oscillationwhile at the same time the vertical structure becomes less baroclinic.The importance of cumulus convection to the propagational characteristics of this oscillation is demonstrated by acomparison of results based on different parameterizations for convection.In one case,where the maximum convectionover the Pacific is simulated to be too far east,the simulated 30—60 day oscillation shows evidence of westward propa-gation.In the second case,where the convection maximum is located near the observed position in the western Pacific,there is more clearly evidence of eastward propagation.Both results suggest that the location of maximum convection in the Pacific can have an important influence on thestrength,structure and propagation of the 30—60 day oscillation.     

Cumulus convection and lateral boundary conditions in a limited area model

Three versions of Kuo's cumulus parameterization have been tested in a limited area model to investigate their comparative performances. Results show that the version of Anthes produces better forecasts than those produced by other versions. To identify a suitable scheme of lateral boundary conditions for the limited area model, impact of two time-invariant and two time-dependent boundary conditions have been examined. The forecasts suggest that the time-dependent tendency modification scheme, based on large-scale tendencies obtained from observed data, is a better boundary scheme for the model. Furthermore, the forecast produced with the revised version of the model incorporating improved versions of Kuo's scheme and lateral boundary conditions shows an overall improvement.