2005-2009年三江源自然保护区生态保护和建设工程生态成效综合评估

本文评价了三江源自然保护区生态系统宏观结构及涵养水源、保持水土、保护生物多样等主要生态服务功能,分析了自然保护区生态保护与建设工程的生态成效及其原因。结果显示,工程实施后,各自然保护区的土地覆被转类指数明显增加,生态系统宏观状况好转;保护区内草地生产力皆呈增加趋势,水域面积增加,食物供给能力提高,栖息地生境好转。森林类保护区的森林面积减少趋势得到遏制;湿地类保护区的湿地面积多呈增加趋势;草地类保护区的草地减少趋势缓解,荒漠化明显遏制,草地植被覆盖度有所增加;冰川类保护区多条冰川出现明显退缩导致冰川融水增多,有利于雪线以下草地净初级生产力的增加。     

2008年春季中国南方冰雪冻害林木物理折损典型样带分析

2008年春季我国南方发生了特大冰雪灾害,林木损害严重。选择江西省井冈山-吉泰盆地-于山山脉-武夷山支脉样带作为研究区,两次进行野外调查,结合收集的数据,进行综合分析,取得结论包括：（1）在研究样带内人工林的损毁程度为湿地松林〉马尾松林〉混交人工林〉杉木林,在受损样本中湿地松林的实际受损比例高达61．3％,其中不可自然恢复折损实际比例达43．2％,相对比例达70．4％,主要是因为湿地松是美国南部地区外来引进种,生长块、材质疏松,而且割脂活动较强;马尾松为乡土造林先锋树种,材质较为坚硬,但受割脂活动影响,在受损样本中实际受损受损比例也高达52．5％,其中不可自然恢复折损实际比例达31．8％,相对比例达60．9％;杉木是本地树种,实际受损比例46％,其中不可自然恢复受损实际仅14．9％,相对比例也仅32．5％,低于混交人工林。（2）调查样带自西向东,西部井冈山地区常绿阔叶林受损程度最轻,分布在700m左右的人工柳杉林受损严重,杉木林分布在700m以下的受损程度较轻,而分布在900m以上的则相对严重;中部吉泰盆地受损调查样点中,分布在低海拔的湿地松林和马尾松林,因割脂活动受损程度严重,杉木林受损最轻,长期封育的天然次生林落叶阔叶林,由于藤本植物的缠绕,导致大量冰挂积雪,受损十分严重;东部兴国和宁都县,分布在400m以下的人工飞播马尾松因个体小基本未受损,分布在400m以上的1960年代人工种植马尾松,因割脂活动,受损严重;而分布在500～900m的杉木林受损程度较轻。     

特大城市群生态空间及其生态承载状态的时空分异

快速城镇化导致中国城市群地区生态空间被大量挤占,生态承载压力加剧,已成为制约城市群健康发展的重要因素。本文界定并分析了京津冀、长三角、粤港澳大湾区、成渝、长江中游5个特大城市群三生空间结构分布特征,解析了1990—2020年生态空间时空分异及其变化的影响因素,进一步通过水资源供给、水质调节、空气质量调节、休闲游憩探讨了近30年生态空间综合承载状态及其时空分异特征。研究结果表明：① 不同形成发育阶段的城市群呈现差异性的三生空间面积结构比、以多中心组合为主的生活空间拓展演变模式,以及屏障式、紧密、离散、全包围式的生态空间结构。② 1990—2020年城市群生活空间面积持续大幅度增加而生产空间呈现相反趋势,除粤港澳大湾区以外,生态空间均表现出增加态势尤其近10年增势明显。三生空间面积结构及其时空变化特征,说明特大城市群生产、生态空间的主要功能从供给转向调节和文化,并反映了中国从快速城镇化到新型可持续城镇化的转变。③ 5个城市群分别有78.6%、73.1%、54.5%、56.3%和25.8%市域呈现严重超载的综合生态承载状态,其中水资源供给、水质调节是制约城市群生态承载水平的要因,未来需要重视城市群生态空间保留量及其合理布局以减缓生态承载压力。本文可为城市群绿色可持续发展、三生空间结构优化和配置提供科学依据。     

2008年南方特大冰雪冻害对森林损毁的NDVI响应分析——以江西省中部山区林地为例

通过对江西省井冈-吉泰-于山样带,在2008年初冰雪冻害中,森林损毁的调查,获得调查样点563个,以及每个样点的NDVI。依据各样点林分起源、林龄、树种和林地折损程度信息,对NDVI进行分类,发现林地NDVI均值与折损程度呈显著的线性相关关系。天然林在无折损程度下,NDVI均值比人工林和次生林高,但随着折损程度增加天然林NDVI均值下降幅度相对较大,人工林NDVI均值下降幅度较小。幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林在无折损程度下NDVI均值差距不大,随着折损程度增加,幼龄林NDVI均值下降幅度最大,其次,为中龄林、成熟林NDVI均值下降幅度最小。针阔混交林、杉木、竹林和湿地松,在无折损时NDVI均值较高,马尾松最低。随着折损程度增加,阔叶林NDVI均值下降速率最快,马尾松、湿地松、杉木和针阔混交林NDVI均值下降速率较快,竹林NDVI均值下降速率较慢,针叶混合林NDVI均值下降速率最慢。     

1990–2010年中国土地覆被变化引起反照率改变的辐射强迫(英文)

Land cover change affects surface radiation budget and energy balance by changing surface albedo and further impacts the regional and global climate. In this article, high spatial and temporal resolution satellite products were used to analyze the driving mechanism for surface albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990–2010. In addition, the annual-scale radiative forcing caused by surface albedo changes in China's 50 ecological regions were calculated to reveal the biophysical mechanisms of land cover change affecting climate change at regional scale. Our results showed that the national land cover changes were mainly caused by land reclamation, grassland desertification and urbanization in past 20 years, which were almost induced by anthropogenic activities. Grassland and forest area decreased by 0.60% and 0.11%, respectively. The area of urban and farmland increased by 0.60% and 0.19%, respectively. The mean radiative forcing caused by land cover changes during 1990–2010 was 0.062 W/m2 in China, indicating a warming climate effect. However, spatial heterogeneity of radiative forcing was huge among different ecological regions. Farmland conversing to urban construction land, the main type of land cover change for the urban and suburban agricultural ecological region in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, caused an albedo reduction by 0.00456 and a maximum positive radiative forcing of 0.863 W/m2, which was presented as warming climate effects. Grassland and forest conversing to farmland, the main type of land cover change for the temperate humid agricultural and wetland ecological region in Sanjiang Plain, caused an albedo increase by 0.00152 and a maximum negative radiative forcing of 0.184 W/m2, implying cooling climate effects.     

中国县域尺度生态保护的地域分异及其适宜性（英文）

China's investments, financial incentives and deductions in terms of ecological conservation are based at the county level. Therefore, the monitoring and assessment of the effects of ecological conservation at the county level is important to provide a scientific basis for the assessment of the ecological and environmental quality at the county scale. This paper quantitatively estimated the dynamics of high-quality ecosystems and vegetation coverage over the past 15 years, and their relationships with the number of ecological conservation programs at the county level were analyzed. Then, the effects of ecological conservation measures on ecological changes at the county level and their regional suitability were assessed and discussed. The results showed that counties with a percentage of high-quality ecosystems greater than 50% were primarily distributed in northeastern China, southern subtropical China and the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and those with a percentage lower than 20% were mostly distributed in northwestern China, the southwestern karst region and the North China Plain. In recent decades, ecological conservation has focused on ecologically fragile regions; more than five ecological conservation programs have been implemented in most counties of the Three River Source Region in Qinghai Province, southeastern Tibet, western Sichuan, the Qilian Mountains, southern Xinjiang and other western regions, while only one or zero have been implemented in the eastern coastal area of China. Over the past 15 years, the proportional area of high-quality ecosystems has increased in approximately 53% of counties. The vegetation coverage of counties in the Loess Plateau, Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(Jing-Jin-Ji), Sichuan-Guizhou-Chongqing, and Guangdong-Guangxi provincial-level areas has increased significantly. However, it decreased in northern Xinjiang, central Tibet, central and eastern Inner Mongolia, the Yangtze River Delta and other regions. The relationships between the numbers of ecological conservation programs and the indicators of ecosystem restoration response, such as high-quality ecosystem and vegetation coverage, do not show positive correlations. These results suggest that ecological conservation programs should be planned and implemented according to the distribution patterns of high-quality ecosystems and that restoration measures such as afforestation should follow natural principles and regional differentiation under the background of climate change.     

基于树木年轮信息的千烟洲人工林碳蓄积的动态分析

The authors developed a model to estimate annual tree growth based on tree-ring data (Abbr. TGTRing model) derived from the trunk at 0.5, 1.3 and 2.5 m height. This model was applied to estimate the annual biomass and carbon accumulation of a plantation in Qianyanzhou Red-Soil Hill Comprehensive Development Experimental Station of CAS in Taihe County, Jiangxi Province (Abbr. Qianyanzhou). The results showed that the inflexion points of the biomass and carbon accumulation curves occur at 17 and 18 years of age, respectively, in masson pine, whilst both inflexion points occurred at 15 years in slash pine and Chinese fir. The biomass and carbon accumulation in Chinese fir proved to be greater in the last 20 years than in the other species, with 171.697 t/hm² and 92.29 tc/hm², respectively. masson pine, with a biomass of 133.84 t/hm² and a carbon accumulation of 73.92 tc/hm² was the lowest whilst slash pine was intermediate with a biomass of 147.639 t/hm² (unturpentined) and 135.743 t/hm² (turpentined), and a carbon accumulation of 80.18 tc/hm² (unturpentined) and 73.72 tc/hm² (turpentined). In 2006, the total biomass and carbon storage of the tree stratum of masson pine in Qianyanzhou was 3324.43 t and 14,156.64 tc, respectively, whilst the values for Chinese fir were 1326.97 t and 713.27 tc. For slash pine the total biomass was 14,156.64 t (unturpentined) and 13,015.97 t (turpentined), and the total carbon storage was 7 688.21 tc (unturpentined) and 7068.78 tc (turpentined). Following the shaving of slash pine for resin, the total biomass was reduced by 1140.67 t and the total carbon storage fell by 619.43 tc.     

土地利用变化对全球气候影响的研究进展与方法初探

综合分析了土地利用与土地覆盖变化（LUCC）对全球气候影响研究的重要科学问题和国内外研究现状,在此基础上,考虑各学科的相互交叉、渗透和耦合等特点,提出并初步设计了土地利用变化对全球气候影响研究的星地一体化LUCC—气候—生态系统耦合研究技术方法体系,并就土地利用变化对全球气候影响的LUCC演变规律及动力学机制、LUCC...     

中国典型自然保护区生境状况时空变化特征

中国已建立各类自然保护区2740个,占全国陆地面积的14.8%。本文以典型国家级自然保护区为例,基于遥感反演、模型模拟、空间分析等方法,获得植被覆盖度、净初级生产力（NPP）和土地覆被时空数据集,分析2000-2015年中国不同区域、不同类型自然保护区生境状况时空变化及人类扰动的影响,进而评估自然保护区在栖息地及生物多样性保护方面的效果。结果表明：2000-2015年,国家级自然保护区植被覆盖度从36.3%提高到37.1%,各类型自然保护区均有不同程度提高,其中森林类保护区年增速0.11%,草原草甸类0.84%,内陆湿地类0.21%,荒漠生态类0.09%,野生动物类和野生植物类则分别为0.11%和0.08%。草原草甸类、内陆湿地类、荒漠生态类、野生动物类自然保护区植被NPP年增速分别为2.06 g·m^-2、1.23 g·m^-2、0.28 g·m^-2、0.4 g·m^-2,而森林类和野生植物类则分别以3.45 g·m^-2和2.35 g·m^-2的年速率减少。近15年,国家级自然保护区内人类扰动呈现微弱变化,除青藏高原区和南亚热带湿润区内保护区人类扰动略微下降以外,其他区域均有所增强,特别是北亚热带和温带湿润区,其保护区人类扰动由4.70%明显增至5.35%。     

近35年三北防护林体系建设工程的防风固沙效应

通过分析三北工程区生态系统防风固沙服务量变化,进而评价工程的防风固沙效应。结果表明：① 近35 a,三北工程区林地面积持续增加、草地面积持续减少,特别是半干旱风沙区和黄土高原区。植被覆盖度在前20 a持续增加,近15 a则呈现先下降而后略微增加趋势。②土壤风蚀模数持续减少,近15 a减幅远高于前20 a,沙地、草地、其它类型转林地或转草地区域的减幅尤为明显。生态系统防风固沙服务保有率呈上升态势,干旱荒漠区增幅显著。草地和沙地为工程区生态系统防风固沙服务总量贡献了71%,且转草地区域的贡献高于转林地区域。③ 考虑到植被好转同时受气候变化和人类活动的影响,以风场减弱为主的气候变化导致土壤风蚀力减弱与三北防护林等生态工程对生态系统防风固沙服务变化的贡献率分别介于85%~89%和11%~15%之间。