苏沪浙闽海岸互花米草盐沼的环境-生态动力过程研究进展

互花米草在其原产地具有生态重要性,然而引入我国并在江苏、上海、浙江、福建海岸广布之后却引发了争议。本文通过相关数据、资料的集成分析,试图对互花米草引种的环境和生态效应作出综合评述,并提出今后的研究方向和科学问题。在本区域,互花米草盐沼具有减小水流底部切应力、促进悬沙沉降、提高沉积速率的作用;现场调查和分析结果表明,互花米草盐沼初级生产高,为底栖动物提供了栖息地,本地盐沼的部分大型、小型和微型底栖动物得以迁入互花米草盐沼,形成了新的生态系统。在纬度地带性和海岸类型等不同背景因素影响下,上述环境一生态变化具有明显的地域性差异：杭州湾以北,全新世基底位置高,潮间带宽度大、坡度小,互花米草盐沼只占据潮间带的较小部分,在海岸防护和生态系统功能上主要起正面作用;杭州湾以南,全新世基底高程低,潮间带宽度小,潮滩主要形成于海湾之内,互花米草的扩展挤占了潮间带其他生物的生存空间,因而有生态上的负面作用。在沿海开发和海岸带管理中,互花米草效应的地域性差异应予以充分考虑。此外,为了预测互花米草盐沼的未来演化问题,除继续进行现场观测外,还要建立以海陆耦合、环境。生态动力过程耦合为特征的互花米草盐沼生态系统动力学模型。     

煤镜质组反射率各向异性特征在构造应力场分析中的应用

煤镜质组反射率各向异性分析,是研究煤田构造应力场的一种有效方法。本文阐述了镜质组反射率各向异性的成因、取样、测量以及资料的处理方法。通过洪山殿煤矿区的镜质组反射率各向异性分析,得出了本区存在多期构造应力场叠加的结论。     

1960~2014年河南极端气温事件时空演变分析

基于河南1960~2014年18个气象台站逐日最高温、最低温、平均气温实测数据,采用线性趋势、相关分析等方法,根据选取的16个极端气温指数,分析了河南省极端气温变化趋势和空间差异,探讨了极端气温指数的影响因素以及与该区气候变化的关系。结果表明：① 河南近55 a来日最高气温的极小值、最低气温的极大/小值、暖昼/夜日数、夏季日数、热夜日数、暖持续日数、生物生长季呈现增大/加趋势;日最高气温的极大值、冷昼/夜日数、冰/霜冻日数、冷持续日数和气温日较差呈现减小/少趋势。② 极端最低气温的变暖主要发生在黄淮海平原区、豫西南南阳盆地以及豫南桐柏山-大别山山地丘陵区;而极端最高气温的变暖则主要发生在豫西山地丘陵区。③ 与中国其他地区相比,河南极端气温近55 a的变化速率较慢,低温出现的日数显著减少;但近20 a来大部分极端气温指数的变化速率均提高了2倍多,表明该区极端气温进入了加速变化阶段。④ 相关分析表明河南极端气温指数变化可以指示该区气候变化,且地形条件是该区极端气温空间变化的控制因素。     

恒定荷载下拉力型锚杆系统界面流变实验特性分析

针对已经达到应力平衡的锚固系统开展锚固界面流变试验,验证了锚杆系统的4种破坏形式。锚固系统界面的流变过程主要经历初始、稳定和加速流变3个阶段,通过流变速率曲线可直接判定锚杆系统的界面流变状态。     

多层权重的灰色斜率关联度分析──临涣矿井综采地质条件评价

提出了一种新的多层次下各权重的确定方法──灰色斜率关联度分析法。在临涣井田实际应用表明,由该方法所求得的理论权重与实际十分吻合。      

A modeling analysis of rainfall and water cycle by the cloud-resolving WRF model over the western North Pacific

Simulated regional precipitation, especially extreme precipitation events, and the regional hydrologic budgets over the western North Pacific region during the period from May to June 2008 were investigated with the high-resolution （4-km grid spacing） Weather Research and Forecast （WRF v3.2.1） model with explicit cloud microphysics. The model initial and boundary conditions were derived from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy （NCEP/DOE） Reanalysis 2 data. The model precipitation results were evaluated against the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis 3B42 product. The results show that the WRF simulations can reason- ably reproduce the spatial distributions of daily mean precipitation and rainy days. However, the simulated frequency distributions of rainy days showed an overestimation of light precipitation, an underestimation of moderate to heavy precipitation, but a good representation of extreme precipitation. The downscaling approach was able to add value to the very heavy precipitation over the ocean since the convective processes are resolved by the high-resolution cloud-resolving model. Moreover, the water vapor budget analysis indi- cates that heavy precipitation is contributed mostly by the stronger moisture convergence; whereas, in less convective periods, the precipitation is more influenced by the surface evaporation. The simulated water vapor budgets imply the importance in the tropical monsoon region of cloud microphysics that affects the precipitation, atmospheric latent heating and, subsequently, the large-scale circulation.     

NCEP/NCAR逐时分析与中国实测地表温度和地面气温对比分析

美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP) 和国家大气中心(NCAR) 的全球分析资料,不仅应用于气候模拟和预测研究中而且也可作为卫星遥感云检测的初始场资料.通过对2005年NCEP逐6小时全球最终分析资料(FNL)与中国753个台站实测资料的地表温度和地面1.5m高气温进行Cressman插值, 从时次变化和空间变化等方面系统地分析和比较了这一年间NCEP分析值与中国区域内观测值之间的差异, 得到结果: NCEP分析地表温度较观测值普遍偏低, 而地面气温NCEP分析值的空间分布大致表现为在北部地区大于观测值、而南部地区小于观测值;就2005年季节变化而言,NCEP分析值在夏季比冬季符合得好,而在我国东南部比东北、西北符合得好;从时次上看,地温和气温都呈现出随着时次推进(从2时到20时),正值区(NCEP分析值-实测值＞0)减弱、负值区(NCEP分析值-实测值＜0)加强的趋势;而通过标准化均方根误差的分析,可以知道气温的NCEP分析资料在我国可行性比地温要好.     

基于Internet技术的仪器科学管理

山西省运城市气象网络办公应用平台中仪器管理功能模块,是在Internet/Intranet技术下通过Asp编程方法实现的,它为气象部门县、市两级仪器管理提供了较为完整的解决方案,它的应用实现了仪器管理的科学化、动态化、网络化。本文对这些功能的实现做了详细论述,同时对广大网页编程爱好者也有一定的指导意义。     

Validation of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder Retrieval Products over China and Their Application in Numerical Model

The atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS) instrument onboard Aqua Satellite is a high spectral resolution infrared sounder. In recent years, AIRS has gradually become the primary method of atmospheric vertical observations. To examine the validation of AIRS retrieval products (V3.0) over China, the AIRS surface air temperature retrievals were compared with the ground observations obtained from 540 meteorological stations in July 2004 and January 2005, respectively. The sources of errors were considerably discussed. Based on the error analysis, the AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products were systemi-cally corrected. Moreover, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile retrievals were compared with T213 numerical forecasting products. Because T213 forecasting products are not the actual atmospheric states, to further verify the validation, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile products were assimilated into the MM5 model through the analysis nudging. In this paper, the case on February 14, 2005 in North China was simulated in detail. Then, we investigated the effects of AIRS retrievals on snowfall, humidity field, vertical velocity field, divergence field, and cloud microphysical processes. The major results are: (1) the errors of AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products are largely systematic deviations, for which the influences of terrain altitude and surface types are the major reasons; (2) the differences between the AIRS atmospheric profile retrievals and T213 numerical prediction products in temperature are generally less than 2 K, the differences in relative humidity are generally less than 25%; and (3) the AIRS temperature and humidity retrieval products can adjust the model initial field, and thus can improve the capacity of snowfall simulation to some extent.     

大气红外探测器(AIRS)温、湿度反演产品的有效性检验及在数值模式中的应用研究

利用中国540个地面气象观测站点资料,对1和7月大气红外探测器(AIRS)的反演中国区域地面气温精度做了详细评估,分析了产生误差的原因。同时把AIRS的反演温、湿度廓线产品与T213数值预报产品进行比较,分析了它们之间的差异。为进一步考察AIRS温、湿度产品的有效性,我们把经过订正的AIRS地面气温以及温、湿度廓线产品分析同化到中尺度模式MM5中,用于华北降雪天气过程的对比模拟试验,分析AIRS反演产品对降雪量、水汽场、垂直速度场、散度场以及云物理过程等的影响。