沙海蜇(Nemopilema nomurai)消亡过程中海水溶解氧变化的模拟研究

采用实验室模拟的方法,研究了不同海水温度、盐度、pH、N/P比下,沙海蜇消亡过程中海水溶解氧的变化特征,这对探讨水母灾害性暴发后消亡的环境影响有重要的科学意义。研究结果表明,沙海蜇的消亡可引起海水溶解氧浓度的显著降低,不同海水温度、盐度、pH、N/P比条件下沙海蜇消亡引起的海水溶解氧浓度的降低无显著差异,但与没有沙海蜇消亡时,海水溶解氧的变化相比则差异显著。沙海蜇消亡一般需要6—7天时间,在高N/P比的海水中,沙海蜇的消亡时间延长。沙海蜇的消亡造成水体的严重缺氧,水体氧饱和度低于20%,从第2天到第3天,本底海水、不同过程温度、盐度、pH条件下,消耗水体氧的量剧增,第6天达到峰值,但不同N/P比条件下,水体溶解氧的降低在第2天即可达到一个耗氧的高值,一直持续到第7天出现峰值;海水温度、盐度、pH、N/P比变化,可导致沙海蜇的消亡过程中水体氧消耗量的变化,就这四种影响因素而言,其平均最大耗氧量从大到小的顺序是:温度(23—30℃区间段)>pH(5.0—9.0区间段)>盐度(21—33区间段)>N/P比(16:1—240:1区间段),分别为39.9、39.7、38.0和35.9mg/(kg.d),相对而言,水体温度和pH对沙海蜇消亡过程中氧消耗量影响较大,水体N/P比和盐度影响较小。所以,沙海蜇消亡过程中,由于海水温度和pH的变化形成的低氧区更为严重,而且在当今富营养化(高N/P比)的近海水域中,水母的消亡高耗氧的时间加长,对海水环境造成的影响更为严重。     

500hPa位势高度场和北太平洋海温场与内蒙古农区夏季旱涝分析

对内蒙古夏季农区旱、涝前期500hPa位势高度场和北太平洋海温场进行了相关分析。得出了农区旱涝的诸关键区，发现影响农区旱涝趋势的500hPa位势高度场的关键区位置偏北，影响农区旱涝趋势的北太平洋海温分东、西两个海域，初夏西太平洋副高脊线位置的变化与赤道东太平洋海温的变化有密切的关系。     

2015—2019年冬季黄河流域中游大气污染物空间分布特征

本文基于2015—2019年冬季黄河流域中游地区（山西段和陕西段）6种大气污染物的浓度数据,研究了黄河流域中游冬季大气污染物的变化特征。研究结果表明,2015—2019年黄河流域中游地区,PM₁₀和CO浓度持续降低,O₃浓度持续升高,PM_2.5、SO₂及NO₂平均浓度呈先上升后下降的规律。2019年主要污染物NO₂、CO、PM_2.5、PM₁₀及SO₂浓度均最低;2019年冬季O₃平均浓度达到最高（54μg/m³）。研究地区下游的PM_2.5浓度高于上游,且沿黄河由北向南其浓度逐渐增加,黄河东侧山西段的PM_2.5浓度高于西侧陕西段。研究区域PM₁₀污染浓度由2015—2016年的黄河东侧高西侧低转变为2017—2019年上游低下游高的分布特征。SO₂浓度呈黄河东岸比西岸高的分布。NO₂高值区域从2015—2017年黄河西侧下游地区变为2018—2019年中上游地区;CO平均浓度高值区域位于黄河东侧下游地区;O₃浓度空间分布特征不明显,但近5年浓度大幅增加,需要加强对臭氧的防控。     

内蒙古地区冬季降雪异常年与北半球月平均500hPa环流特征分析

通过对 196 1～ 1997年冬季 (11～ 3月 )降雪量与 195 1～ 1997年 1～ 12月北半球月平均 5 0 0 h Pa高度场相关性普查 ,了解前期及同期北半球 5 0 0 h Pa环流场与冬季降雪量显著相关性特点 ,寻找冬雪异常年北半球月平均5 0 0 h Pa高度场“强信号”区 ,分析研究了华北高压、乌拉尔山高压特征与内蒙古地区冬雪的关系     

蒙古气旋的若干统计特征

利用1948—2004年NCEP海平面气压场再分析资料对蒙古气旋(低压〉的月际、年际、年代际变化和强度、位置特点及其与气候因子的关系进行了统计分析,结果表明：蒙古气旋(低压)发生频数的高峰出现在20世纪60年代末70年代初，之后呈现减少趋势。蒙古气旋(低压)主要出现在春季，其次依次为秋、冬季，其中5月最多。中心气压为（1000?1010hPa)的蒙古气旋(低压）出现次数最多，小于990hPa的相对较少。蒙古气旋(低压)主要出现在阿尔泰一萨彦岭山地背风坡，其次为46°N以南。蒙古气旋(低压)频数距平与西风环流指数大致呈现反位相分布，表明中纬度经向型环流更利于蒙古气旋产生。这些结果可以为蒙古气旋的预#艮、预测提供参考。     

水母(沙海蜇)降解与营养盐(氮、磷)释放的模拟与实证

The aim of this study was to investigate nitrogen and phosphorus released in the process of the decomposition of giant jellyfish in the laboratory and found the evidence to verify the influence of nutrients released by the decomposition of jellyfish on the ecosystem in the field. The release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai was examined in a series of experiments under different incubation conditions such as different p H values, salinity values, temperatures and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. The results showed that the complete decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai generally took about 4–8 d. The release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai could be divided into two stages: the early stage and the later stage, although the efflux rate of nitrogen was one order more than phosphorus. In the early stage of the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai, the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in seawater increased rapidly, and the concentration of nitrogen could reach the highest level in the whole degradation process. In the later stage of the decomposition, the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and total nitrogen declined slowly, while the concentration of phosphorus in water could reach a maximum in the degradation process. High p H, low salinity,high temperature and N/P will promote the release of nitrogen; low p H is unfavorable to the release of nitrogen but favorable to the release of phosphorus. In addition, we found the concentrations of ammonium and phosphate in the bottom water were higher than those in the surface water during the period of jellyfish bloom in the Jiaozhou Bay, proving that nutrients released by the decomposition of jellyfish have significant influence on nitrogen and phosphorus in the field. For the whole Yellow Sea, nutrients released by jellyfish carcasses may reach up to(2.63±2.98)×107 mol/d of dissolved nitrogen(DN) and(0.74±0.84)×106 mol/d of dissolved phosphorus(DP) during the period of jellyfish bloom. The values are comparable to riverine inputs in a day, but much higher than sediment–water exchange flux in the Yellow Sea. The great amounts of nutrients must have significant influence on the nutrients balance of the Yellow Sea during the period of jellyfish dead and decomposition. Both the experimental data and field observations proved that the decomposition of jellyfish may release a great amount of nutrient to the surrounding environment during the period of jellyfish decomposition.