我国西南地区干旱变化及对贵州水稻产量影响

近几年,我国西南地区干旱频繁发生,严重影响农业生产。为了探讨干旱和水稻产量之间关系的复杂性,采用中国气象局国家气象信息中心提供的西南地区348个站气象数据,计算了西南地区干旱的变化趋势,并利用2000—2011年贵州省县级水稻产量资料分析了干旱对水稻单产的影响,探讨了干旱、水资源灌溉以及水稻产量之间的关系。结果表明:1951—2012年西南地区降水量平均减少16.9 mm/10 a,特别是8—10月降水量明显减少。同时,西南地区干旱日数呈上升趋势,平均增加3.3 d/10 a。对比水稻产量发现,当累计干旱日数少于40 d时,干旱对水稻产量一般不会造成影响;当累计干旱日数超过86 d时,干旱造成水稻减产20%~73%,这意味着当累计干旱日数超过3个月时,江河塘库蓄水将受到影响,进而影响水稻的灌溉,造成水稻严重减产;当累计干旱日数为40~86 d时,水稻减产一般少于20%,但地区差异较大。     

2021年秋季中国气候异常特征及主要气象灾害

利用1961—2021年中国区域2400余站地面气象常规观测资料,根据2019年中国气象局发布的《区域性重要过程监测和评价业务规定》,对2021年秋季中国气候基本概况及主要气象灾害进行全面分析。结果表明:(1)2021年秋季,中国气候状况总体偏差,平均气温较常年同期偏高,平均降水量较常年同期偏多;由于台风登陆个数偏少,且强降水以及冷空气过程影响区域叠加累积效应显著,导致北方部分省份雨、雪和冰冻灾害影响明显高于南方。(2)2021年秋季,我国气象灾害形势复杂严峻,极端天气气候复合事件多发,以暴雨洪涝、高温干旱、低温冰冻雨雪灾害为主,灾害极端性和区域性特征显著。区域暴雨过程较常年同期偏多4.2次,北方多地发生罕见秋汛,山西、陕西等地洪涝灾害较重;阶段性区域高温天气多发,区域高温过程较常年同期偏多2.4次,导致江南、华南高温干旱复合发展;寒潮过程较常年同期偏多1.2次,过程影响区域叠加累积效应显著,东北三省和内蒙古部分地区雪情较重。     

The Response of Anomalous Vertically Integrated Moisture Flux Patterns Related to Drought and Flood in Southern China to Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly

With the extreme drought (flood) event in southern China from July to August in 2022 (1999) as the research object, based on the comprehensive diagnosis and composite analysis on the anomalous drought and flood years from July to August in 1961-2022, it is found that there are significant differences in the characteristics of the vertically integrated moisture flux (VIMF) anomaly circulation pattern and the VIMF convergence (VIMFC) anomaly in southern China in drought and flood years, and the VIMFC, a physical quantity, can be regarded as an indicative physical factor for the "strong signal" of drought and flood in southern China. Specifically, in drought years, the VIMF anomaly in southern China is an anticyclonic circulation pattern and the divergence characteristics of the VIMFC are prominent, while those are opposite in flood years. Based on the SST anomaly in the typical draught year of 2022 in southern China and the SST deviation distribution characteristics of abnormal draught and flood years from 1961 to 2022, five SST high impact areas (i.e., the North Pacific Ocean, Northwest Pacific Ocean, Southwest Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and East Pacific Ocean) are selected via the correlation analysis of VIMFC and the global SST in the preceding months (May and June) and in the study period (July and August) in 1961-2022, and their contributions to drought and flood in southern China are quantified. Our study reveals not only the persistent anomalous variation of SST in the Pacific and the Indian Ocean but also its impact on the pattern of moisture transport. Furthermore, it can be discovered from the positive and negative phase fitting of SST that the SST composite flow field in high impact areas can exhibit two types of anomalous moisture transport structures that are opposite to each other, namely an anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation pattern anomaly in southern China and the coastal areas of east China. These two types of opposite anomalous moisture transport structures can not only drive the formation of drought (flood) in southern China but also exert its influence on the persistent development of the extreme weather.