快速城市化进程中福州市土地利用动态变化及其人文驱动力研析

在分析1996～2004年福州市城市化发展和土地利用动态变化的基础上，探求城市化与土地利用变化之间的内在关系，然后选取代表性指标对建设用地和耕地数量与各自的驱动变量进行相关性分析，最后构建了驱动模型。结果表明：（1）1996-2004年，福州市土地利用结构变化明显，土地利用空间变化较大；（2）地均GDP的提高、GDP总量和全社会固定资产投资额的增长是建设用地拓展的主要驱动力；（3）耕地变化的最主要驱动力则是建设用地占用、粮食播种面积和耕地保护政策强度。     

流域不同地质生态环境中水体碳酸酐酶活性特征——以桂江流域为例

在对桂江流域进行考察时,选取了流域地质类型不同、人类活动程度不一的6条支流以及干流的水体为研究对象,研究比较了流域不同生态环境下水体中的碳酸酐酶(CA)活性、游离CO2浓度和HCO3-浓度,并对比了流域内部分区域的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,获得如下结果:(1)证实水体中具有CA活性,且其活性与游离CO2浓度呈负相关,与HCO3-浓度呈正相关;(2)大量的人类活动加剧流域生态环境恶化,造成植被覆盖率降低,使河流水体中的CA活性降低,HCO3-浓度降低,表明CA对岩溶作用具有不可忽视的影响;(3)流域地质类型会影响水体中CA活性,在人类活动程度相似的情况下,岩溶区水体中的CA活性高于非岩溶区。总之,在进行流域碳汇潜力调查研究时,必须综合考虑人类活动、生态环境和地质类型等因素的影响,进行科学分段调查研究与计算。CA所引起的生物岩溶作用不容忽视,其对流域碳汇的潜在贡献值得深入研究。      

Spatial distribution and abundance of small fishes in Xiaosihai Lake, a shallow lake along the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China

Spatial distribution and abundance of small fishes were studied in autumn 2007 in the Xiaosihai Lake, a shallow lake along the middle reach of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. Based on the plant cover, the lake was divided into three major habitats: Myriophyllum spicatum habitat (MS habitat), Trapa bispinosa habitat (TB habitat), and non-vegetation habitat (NV habitat). A modified pop-net was used for quantitative sampling of small fishes in the three habitats, and the Zippin’s removal method was used for estimating densities of the small fishes. A total of 13 species belonging to 5 families were collected, with 11 species in MS habitat, 7 species in TB habitat, and 5 species in NV habitat. Habitat type had significant effect on the spatial distribution of small fishes. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index in the MS, TB and NV habitats were 1.28, 0.56 and 0.54, respectively. The total density and biomass of small fishes were significantly higher in the MS habitat (13.68 ind/m² and 4.44 g/m²) than in the TB habitat (1.41 ind/m² and 0.54 g/m²) and the NV habitat (1.08 ind/m² and 0.40 g/m²), and were not significantly different between the TB habitat and the NV habitat. Water depth had no significant effect on spatial distribution of the small fishes. It was suggested that vegetation type played an important role in habitat selectivity of small fishes, and the presence of submersed vegetation should be of significance in the conservation of small fish diversity.     

长江流域不同地质生态环境土壤碳酸酐酶活性、有机碳含量及其相关性

为了探讨流域岩溶生态系统土壤碳酸酐酶(CA)活性、有机碳含量及CA固碳之间的潜在关系,选取长江流域干流及支流沿岸不同地质生态环境下的10个样地,比较长江流域不同地质生态环境下表层土壤(0~20cm)中的碳酸酐酶(CA)活性与土壤有机碳(SOC)含量,并分析二者之间的关系。结果表明:(1)长江流域岩溶区的表层土壤CA活性要高于非岩溶区(P0.01),土壤CA活性的差异与样地的地质类型及植被类型不同有关;(2)位于岩溶区高场(GC)样地的年平均SOC含量最高(1.09%),而位于非岩溶区外洲(WZ)样地的年平均SOC含量最低(0.29%),而且总体比较而言,长江流域冬季表层土壤的平均SOC含量显著高于夏季(P0.01);(3)相关性分析结果显示,不同季节长江流域岩溶区表层土壤CA活性与SOC含量呈一定的正相关。研究结果为进一步研究流域岩溶生态系统土壤CA与土壤固碳能力之间的关系奠定了基础。     

Status of two <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coreius</Emphasis> species in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Dam construction alters natural flow regimes which, in turn, cause significant changes in fish communities during and after impoundment. The construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir, from impoundment of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China, may have affected native fish species. Thus, the status of two lotic freshwater fish species, Coreius heterodon and C. guichenoti, were monitored in the Three Gorges Reservoir, including fish abundance, individual composition, growth, condition, and mortality. Data on both species were gathered from upstream, midstream and downstream areas of the reservoir and, where available, from studies published before and after dam construction. Lower abundance, slower growth, a less diversified age structure, poorer fish condition (indicated by hepatosomatic index) and higher mortalities were recorded in sites nearest the dam compared with upstream areas. Furthermore, after final impoundment, individual Coreius species inhabiting the area changed, with young individuals becoming more abundant, while upstream of the reservoir the two Coreius species became smaller at a given age. The results show that the status of the two Coreius species was subject to dramatic changes after impoundment.     

藏南程巴岩体副矿物研究:岩浆源区的指示

藏南程巴岩体具有埃达克岩的地球化学性质,但其形成年代、产出位置和成矿组合不同于冈底斯带成矿斑岩。利用背反射图像和电子探针成分分析发现其具有钙碱性花岗岩不常见的副矿物组合:Fe-Ti氧化物+锆石+磷灰石+榍石+独居石+钍石+氟碳铈矿+晶质铀矿+水氟碳钙钍矿,其中独居石富Th,钍石富U,独居石和钍石经富F、CO₂流体交代形成氟碳铈矿和水氟碳钙钍矿。在(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i和Th含量图解中,冈底斯带含矿斑岩与程巴岩体落在一条混合线线上,程巴岩体位于已证明受到上地壳物质或其他富集组分混染的甲马含矿斑岩和其他冈底斯含矿斑岩之间,表明程巴岩体在其源区或演化过程中也受到了富集端元的混染,但加入量少于甲马斑岩。     

云南高原渔洞水库鱼类空间分布格局及主要影响因子

鱼类控藻是常用的生物控藻技术之一,其前提需明确水体中鱼类群落结构及分布特征.为科学调整渔洞水库鱼类群落结构,制定合理的生物操纵策略,2013年7月运用Simrad EY60型分裂波束回声探测仪对该水库进行了水声学探测,在结合多网目复合刺网（网目=8.5、4.0、12.5、2.0、11.0、1.6、2.5、4.8、3.1、1.0、7.5和6.0 cm）取样的基础上,研究了水库鱼类群落结构及其空间分布特征,并初步探讨了影响渔洞水库鱼类空间分布的关键因素.调查中在渔洞水库共采集到鱼类5科12种,其平均密度为638.4±310.2 ind./1000 m³.鱼类在水库中呈不均匀分布,库首、库中、库湾及库尾鱼类密度分别为521.5±371.3、561.9±189.2、653.7±323.7和1137.1±90.4 ind./1000 m³,呈逐渐增大趋势,且库尾鱼类的平均个体要大于库首、库中和库湾;在垂直方向上,97.6%的鱼类都分布在水面以下0~10 m的水层,深度超过10 m的水层,鱼类所占比例只有2.4%;0~20 m水层鱼类的平均目标强度最大（-58.6 dB）,20~40 m水层鱼类平均目标强度最小（-63.9 dB）.MRT预测模型表明影响鱼类空间分布的关键环境因子为水温和水深.基于渔洞水库的鱼类组成和空间分布特征,建议一方面加大鲢、鳙放养量,另一方面从所属水系引进中上层土著肉食性鱼类来调整鱼类群落结构,控制藻类生物量.     

不同种类微生物及其碳酸酐酶对CO_2-H_2O-碳酸盐系统中碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用

以从西南岩溶地区土壤中筛选出来的产碳酸酐酶(CA)的典型细菌、真菌和放线菌为材料,研究比较了不同种类微生物及其CA对CO2-H2O-碳酸盐系统中碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用。结果表明,实验所用的3种典型微生物均对石灰岩和白云岩有明显溶蚀作用,真菌的溶蚀效果最显著,而且微生物CA对石灰岩具有明显的酶促溶蚀效果。微生物对石灰岩的溶蚀能力强于白云岩,加入石灰岩的真菌试验组中Ca2+浓度比加入白云岩的真菌试验组高8.0%,而且,真菌CA对白云岩的溶蚀能力明显强于石灰岩。上述结果为研究微生物及其CA在岩溶碳汇中的作用提供了科学依据。     

西藏邦布石英脉型金矿床的成因: 流体包裹体及氢-氧同位素证据

西藏邦布石英脉型金矿床是产于印度-亚洲板块陆-陆造山主碰撞汇聚环境下、与大洋俯冲无关的新型造山型金矿床。该矿床位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带南侧朗杰学增生楔的东段南缘,矿体受区域内EW向金地-鲁农复向斜和错古-折木朗壳型脆-韧性剪切带及其次级构造的控制。金矿化主要与石英脉密切相关,并包裹于脉内细粒/粗粒硫化物中。矿区内主要分布有3期石英脉:成矿前钩状石英脉、成矿期石英大脉和成矿后陡立状石英脉。文章对3期石英脉流体包裹体形态、形成温度、密度及H-O同位素等方面进行了详细的对比研究,试图查明成矿流体来源以及金的沉淀机制等问题。研究表明,钩状石英脉内包裹体主要为液相(L)包裹体,成分主要为H₂O溶液,其流体可能为早期区域变质的产物;石英大脉内包裹体主要为含CO₂气液(VL)两相包裹体,体积较大,成分主要为H₂O+CO₂+CH₄±N₂,成矿流体为深源变质流体,并与变质地层中的有机质发生强烈反应;陡立状石英脉内包裹体主要为气液两相包裹体,体积较小,其主要成分为H₂O+CO₂,流体主要与后期区域变质事件有关,为成矿后变质作用的产物。邦布金矿的主要成矿流体源自深部变质流体,流体不混溶作用可能是导致金矿沉淀的主要原因。     

Spatial distribution and abundance of small fishes in Xiaosihai Lake, a shallow lake along the Changjiang(Yangtze) River, China

Spatial distribution and abundance of small fishes were studied in autumn 2007 in the Xiaosihai Lake, a shallow lake along the middle reach of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. Based on the plant cover, the lake was divided into three major habitats: Myriophyllum spicatum habitat (MS habitat), Trapa bispinosa habitat (TB habitat), and non-vegetation habitat (NV habitat). A modified pop-net was used for quantitative sampling of small fishes in the three habitats, and the Zippin’s removal method was used for estimating densities of the small fishes. A total of 13 species belonging to 5 families were collected, with 11 species in MS habitat, 7 species in TB habitat, and 5 species in NV habitat. Habitat type had significant effect on the spatial distribution of small fishes. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index in the MS, TB and NV habitats were 1.28, 0.56 and 0.54, respectively. The total density and biomass of small fishes were significantly higher in the MS habitat (13.68 ind/m2 and 4.44 g/m2) than in the TB habitat (1.41 ind/m2 and 0.54 g/m2) and the NV habitat (1.08 ind/m2 and 0.40 g/m2), and were not significantly different between the TB habitat and the NV habitat. Water depth had no significant effect on spatial distribution of the small fishes. It was suggested that vegetation type played an important role in habitat selectivity of small fishes, and the presence of submersed vegetation should be of significance in the conservation of small fish diversity.