Model analysis of influences of aerosol mixing state upon its optical properties in East Asia

The air quality model system RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System)-CMAQ (Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality) coupled with an aerosol optical/radiative module was applied to investigate the impact of different aerosol mixing states (i.e., externally mixed, half externally and half internally mixed, and internally mixed) on radiative forcing in East Asia. The simulation results show that the aerosol optical depth (AOD) generally increased when the aerosol mixing state changed from externally mixed to internally mixed, while the single scattering albedo (SSA) decreased. Therefore, the scattering and absorption properties of aerosols can be significantly affected by the change of aerosol mixing states. Comparison of simulated and observed SSAs at five AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) sites suggests that SSA could be better estimated by considering aerosol particles to be internally mixed. Model analysis indicates that the impact of aerosol mixing state upon aerosol direct radiative forcing (DRF) is complex. Generally, the cooling effect of aerosols over East Asia are enhanced in the northern part of East Asia (Northern China, Korean peninsula, and the surrounding area of Japan) and are reduced in the southern part of East Asia (Sichuan Basin and Southeast China) by internal mixing process, and the variation range can reach 5 W m－2. The analysis shows that the internal mixing between inorganic salt and dust is likely the main reason that the cooling effect strengthens. Conversely, the internal mixture of anthropogenic aerosols, including sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, and organic carbon, could obviously weaken the cooling effect.     

太湖局地小气候特征

利用2004年12月至2009年2月无锡马山自动站和无锡学前街自动站气温数据,分析了太湖地区局地小气候的变化特征。结果表明：太湖地区局地小气候特征非常显著,总体上表现为年际、季际、月际和各时段的平均气温较其他地区异常偏低。但在不同的气象条件背景下如晴天、雨天和各种特殊天气存在不同的特点。晴天太湖地区主要表现为气温偏低;雨天春夏秋季主要表现为气温偏高,而冬季表现为气温偏低。高温、暴雪天气条件下,太湖地区主要为气温偏低但强度上存在很大的差异,而寒潮天气条件下太湖地区气温相较其他地区则时高时低。     

微囊藻毒素和温度对萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)形态学特征的影响

近年来,随着全球变暖和水体富营养化程度的日趋严重,淡水湖泊藻类水华现象频发;由此引发的微囊藻毒素对水生生物的生态毒性效应备受关注.本实验探究了4个温度(16、20、24和28℃)和3个微囊藻毒素MC-LR浓度(2.0、4.0和6.0μg/ml)对4个品系萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)形态特征的影响.通过2种DNA分类方法——自动条形码查询系统和Yule溯祖模型将萼花臂尾轮虫划分为3个进化种;4个品系轮虫的形态学参数总体随温度升高呈减小趋势.在16℃下,轮虫的形态特征在各品系间未见显著差异;20℃下的昆明品系KMC23形态参数最小,而西宁XN2品系最大;在24℃下,西宁XN2品系的形态参数显著增大;兰州LZB1和西宁XN2品系对温度变化的响应特征相似且在28℃下最小,这可能与两者属于同一进化种有关.4个品系轮虫的卵特征参数对温度变化的响应各有不同.可见,品系和隐种的不同是造成4个轮虫克隆形态学参数对温度差异响应的重要内源性因素.各品系轮虫中,兰州LZB1品系受温度、MC-LR及两者交互作用的影响最为显著,形态可塑性最强.在高温胁迫下,兰州LZB1品系的所有形态学参数均显著减小,但MC-LR浓度对该品系轮虫的形态学参数并未产生显著影响;经低温胁迫后,低浓度的MC-LR没有显著改变兰州LZB1品系轮虫的形态学参数,而高浓度的MC-LR显著降低了轮虫的大部分形态学参数.微囊藻毒素对轮虫形态可塑性的影响受到了内源性因素和外源性因素的综合制约.     

雨滴谱取样代表性问题

本文用数理统计方法检验雨滴谱取样代表性问题,并对三次试验结果进行了分析讨论,得出对层状云雨滴谱的观测,其最佳取样面积为200—400平方厘米,要求每个样品上的雨滴数为300个左右。