雷达资料在一次大范围冰雹天气过程中的同化试验分析

基于华南区域高分辨率数值模式,采用牛顿连续松弛逼近法(nudging)同化C波段多普勒雷达反射率资料,针对2018年4月2日贵州一次大范围冰雹天气过程进行了数值模拟试验.分析结果表明:在模式中进行雷达反射率因子信息nudging同化后,调整了分析场中的水凝物信息和热力场结构,对流层中层的雨水和冰相粒子含量均增加,水凝物...     

“98.6”广西特大强降水过程成因探讨及暴雨落区预报诊断

通过对“９８．６”广西特大强降雨过程的环流背景分析,得出在中高纬度二脊一槽（倒Ω型）和稳定的南海高压组成的大环流形势,满足产生持续性大范围暴雨的基本条件,结合Ｔ１０６产品的物理量场资料分析,找出暴雨落区的诊断判据,用动力相似方法作暴雨落区预报的试验,取得了较好的结果,为业务预报提供参考依据     

广西致洪暴雨过程的要素场演变特征及物理量诊断分析

通过对广西致洪暴雨过程中暴雨区附近高空和地面要素场的演变特征分析 ,以及对与暴雨降水密切相关的物理量进行诊断分析 ,试图了解各层的要素场和物理量的分布及演变与致洪暴雨的关系 ,从而了解致洪暴雨的一些形成机制     

同化雷达估算降水率对暴雨预报的影响

选取2009年3月28日广东省广州市大暴雨过程,考察了变分校准前后Z-I关系估算雷达降水率的区别。变分校准后的降水率资料具有较高的单点精度与合理的梯度分布。降水率资料能够反映大气动力特征和水汽分布等重要信息,是模拟中小尺度系统的关键因子。基于GRAPES (Global/Regional Analysis and Prediction System) 区域三维变分系统,将FSU (Florida State University) 对流参数化方案作为观测算子的同化试验指出,同化降水率资料后同时增强了低层大气的辐合和高层大气的辐散,从而使整层气柱的不稳定能量增加。沙氏指数和K指数诊断分析也表明,同化降水率资料后有利于触发强对流天气。此外,低空辐合有利于水汽垂直输送,维持对流发展,改进降水模拟。逐小时数值模拟结果表明:同化校准后的雷达估算降水率不仅可以改进降水分布,而且使中尺度对流系统的发展和消亡清晰地表现出来。     

有云条件下HIRS/3资料的同化及其对“珍珠”台风的影响

卫星红外辐射资料汽接同化容易受到云的影响,大量卫星资料在有云情况下无法直接同化,其原因之一就是初始云结构难以获取.而云结构是同化系统观测算子的重要输入参数,缺乏云的结构信息,观测算子尤法模拟有云环境下的亮温.热带地区以及台风、暴雨等极端天气系统与云密不可分,要改进卫星辐射资料特别是红外资料直接同化的效果,需要获得较高精度的云三维结构.在GRAPES-3DVAR(Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System,全球/区域同化预报系统)基础上,结合WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model,天气研究和预报模式)对"珍珠"台风云结构的模拟,增加模拟的云参数作为GRAPES-3DVAR同化系统中RTTOV模式(fast radiative transfer model for TOVS,快速辐射传输模式)的输入参数,改进了有云环境下卫星资料直接同化的观测算子,研究了红外辐射资料直接同化的方法,并分析其对"珍珠"台风预报的影响.针对NOAAl6(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,美国国家海洋和大气管理局)的HIRS/3(High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder,高分辨率红外辐射探测仪3型)第4-8、10、13 19通道辐射亮温的同化试验表明,结合初始云结构信息改进同化系统观测算子,可以将红外辎射资料的观测信息同化到模式之中,改进台风温度、湿度结构,对短时降水预报有正面影响.     

MODIS BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE DATA ASSIMILATION UNDER CLOUDY CONDITIONS: METHODS AND IDEAL TESTS

Clouds have important effects on the infrared radiances transmission in that the inclusion of cloud effects in data assimilation can not only improve the quality of the assimilated atmospheric parameters greatly, but also minimize the initial error of cloud parameters by adjusting part of the infrared radiances data. On the basis of the Grapes-3D-var (Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System), cloud liquid water, cloud ice water and cloud cover are added as the governing variables in the assimilation. Under the conditions of clear sky, partly cloudy cover and totally cloudy cover, the brightness temperature of 16 MODIS channels are assimilated respectively in ideal tests. Results show that when the simulated background brightness temperatures are lower than the observation, the analyzed field will increase the simulated brightness temperature by increasing its temperature and reducing its moisture, cloud liquid water, cloud ice water, and cloud cover. The simulated brightness temperature can be reduced if adjustment is made in the contrary direction. The adjustment of the temperature and specific humidity under the clear sky conditions conforms well to the design of MODIS channels, but it is weakened for levels under cloud layers. The ideal tests demonstrate that by simultaneously adding both cloud parameters and atmospheric parameters as governing variables during the assimilation of infrared radiances, both the cloud parameters and atmospheric parameters can be adjusted using the observed infrared radiances and conventional meteorological elements to make full use of the infrared observations.     

广西致洪暴雨过程的要素场演变特征及物理量诊断分布

通过对广西致洪暴雨过程中暴雨区附近高空和地面要素场的演变特征与分析，以及对与暴雨降水密切相关的物理量进行诊断分析，试图了解各层的要和物理量的分布及演变致洪暴雨的关系，从而了解致洪暴雨的一些形成机制。     

广西前汛期区域性暴雨落区判据的若干方法

首先引进了螺旋度概念及计算方法，并计算两个强对流天气个例的螺旋度值，认为螺旋度可作为用于预报强对流天气的一个参数，其次利用吴国雄提出的P坐标的倾斜涡度发展理论分析方法，讨论前汛期锋面暴雨落区的预报可行性。     

浮力能量与“95·4”百色大范围冰雹、大风过程

利用常规的探空资料对华南区域进行诊断分析，并利用每天两次的较为完整的探空资料计算了百色等地的浮力能量，结果表明，浮力能量的演变与“95·4”百色大范围冰雹、大风过程有密切的联系。1强对流单体的活动随着锋面和高空糟的逼近，百色一带在有利的热力环流场和动力强迫下，激发出异常活跃的对流单体，并迅速发展成超级单体，随引导气流向东南移，所经之处造成了冰雹、大风天气。2温湿场与稳定度演变强对流出现前．低层的温湿场（θse）有一个明显增大过程，12小时增量达10°K，并存在强烈的不稳定层，△θse（500-地面）为14°K。3稳…     

MODIS brightness temperature data assimilation under cloudy conditions Ⅱ: Impacts on rainstorm forecasting

Although satellite observations provide large amount of information of clouds and precipitation and play an important role in the forecast of heavy rainfall, they have not been fully taken advantage of in data assimilation of numerical weather predictions, especially those in infrared channels. Assimilating radiances is common under clear-sky conditions since it is extremely difficult to simulate infrared transmittance in cloudy sky. Based on the Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System 3-dimensional variance (GRAPES-3DVar), cloud liquid water content, ice-water content and cloud cover are employed as governing variables in the assimilation system. This scheme can improve the simulation of infrared transmittance by a fast radiative transfer model for TOVS (RTTOV) and adjust the atmospheric and cloud parameters based on infrared radiance observations. In this paper, we investigate a heavy rainfall over Guangdong province on May 26, 2007, which is right after the onset of a South China Sea monsoon. In this case, channels of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for observing water vapor (Channel 27) and cloud top altitude (Channel 36) are selected for the assimilation. The process of heavy rainfall is simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Our results show that the assimilated MODIS data can improve the distribution of water vapor and temperature in the first guess field and indirectly adjust the upper-level wind field. The tendency of adjustment agrees well with the satellite observations. The assimilation scheme has positive impacts on the short-range forecasting of rainstorm.