快速萃取在海洋有机物分析中的应用

海洋环境中有机化合物的研究是海洋研究中的一项重要内容,而样品的前处理又是其中最费时、最关键的环节,如何快速准确地获得目标待测有机物,一直是国内外学者所关注的问题。传统的萃取方法,如索氏提取由于其耗时长、溶剂用量多等缺点已被许多实验室所淘汰,超声波提取也存在类似     

基于FY-3B/MWRI数据的青藏高原地区地表发射率反演

以青藏高原地区为研究区域,利用FY-3B/MWRI(Microwave Radiation Imager)一级亮温数据和NCEP(the National Centers for Environmental Prediction) FNL(Final)全球业务分析资料,通过简化的微波辐射传输方程反演了晴空大气条件下的地表微波发射率.进而根据IGBP(International Geosphere-Biosphere Program)陆表覆盖分类数据,进一步分析了青藏高原地区微波地表发射率的频谱和空间分布特征,并分析了反演误差的来源.结果表明:青藏高原地区微波地表发射率的空间分布、频谱特征都与地表覆盖类型分布特征高度吻合,呈现出西北部地表发射率极化差异大,东南部极化异差小的分布特征.本研究中地表发射率的反演误差主要来自降水像元判别方案、再分析资料的时空匹配.还需要进一步研究定量误差,以期提高反演精度,进而建立长时间序列的地表发射率数据库,为青藏高原地球物理参数的遥感反演提供数据支持.     

Carbon isotopes and lignin phenols for tracing the floods during the past 70 years in the middle reach of the Changjiang River

The Lake Tian E Zhou(TEZ,an oxbow lake)was formed during the rerouting of the Changjiang River in 1972,with strong influences from the main river channel and flood events.Herein,a sediment core was collected from the Lake TEZ for the measurements of carbon isotopes and biomarkers,including stable carbon isotopes(δ13C),radiocarbon composition(?14C),and lignin phenols,as well as lead-210 to reconstruct recent heavy flood events over the past 70 years.At the 24–26 cm interval,the sediment contained the highest OC%,TN%,and lignin phenols content,as well as significantly depleted 13C but enriched 14C,corresponding to the extreme flood event in 1998.In addition,statistics from t-test showed that lignin phenols normalized to OC(Λ8),the concentration of 3,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid(3,5-BD),and the ratio of p-hydroxy benzophenone to total hydroxyl phenols(PHB/HP)were all significantly different between the layers containing flood deposits and the layers deposited under normal non-flood conditions(p<0.05).These results indicate that the later three parameters are highly related to flood events and can be used as compelling proxies,along with sediment chronology,for hydrological changes and storm/flood events in the river basin and coastal marine environments.     

海水中营养元素保存的最新进展

本文比较了传统的海水中无机营养盐的保存方法及90年代后针对氮、磷、硅等营养元素研究趋势而生的新方法,并对保存效果作出评价。推荐在样品中添加氯化汞以实现多种营养盐在同一水样中的稳定共存。此外针对营养元素的低浓度、多形态测定的新趋势,建议采用冷冻法保存低浓度样品,而快速冷冻(液氮保存)则可以更有效地保存形态测定的水样,最大程度地保持水样原状态。     

近十年来中国海洋有机地球化学研究进展

本文综述了近十年来中国海洋有机地球化学研究的主要进展。从研究题材的多样化,研究手段、内容逐渐和国际接轨等方面对我国在海洋有机地球化学研究领域的主要成果和最新进展进行了概括和评述。主要介绍了我国在二甲基硫、天然气水合物、特定化合物同位素分析等方面取得的进展。     

长江口邻近陆架区表层沉积物的木质素分布和有机物来源分析

对长江口邻近陆架区表层沉积物的有机物进行碳、氮元素、碳稳定同位素和木质素测定,以分析其物质来源,特别是陆源有机物的迁移埋藏。结果表明,碳与氮含量的比值为6.2~7.7,δ13C为-19.9×10-3~-22.4×10-3。8种木质素酚单位的总含量(相对于总有机碳)为0.15×10-2~1.56×10-2mg/mg,显著低于长江口门处的2.50×10-2mg/mg。香草基酚类的酸醛比平均值为0.90,表明该海区的陆源有机物是高度降解的;紫丁香级酚类与香草基酚类的含量之比为(0.78±0.35),肉桂基酚类与香草基酚类的含量之比为(0.13±0.08),表明这些陆源有机物源于草本和木本混合的被子植物。31.5°N以南站位木质素的降解程度比北部的高,草本植物源的贡献更大,被子植物的主导优势也更明显;长江输入的有机物以沿岸堆积为主,具有显著的离岸降低趋势。在31.5°N以北的陆架区,虽然近岸站位陆源有机物的贡献显著高于其他站位,但其他站位并没有离岸递减趋势。这种南北分布差别可能是由海流条件和水深梯度的差异引起的。计算结果显示,该海区表层沉积物中的陆源有机物占总有机物的5%~57%,且主要来自土壤有机质。     

2006年6月长江口低氧区及邻近水域浮游植物

根据2006年6月2-11日在长江12低氧区及邻近水域(26°-34°N,121°-126°E)27个站位的调查,对长江口低氧区及邻近水域的浮游植物群落结构特征进行了相关研究.经Utermohl方法初步分析,共发现浮游植物130种,隶属4门57属.甲藻和硅藻是2006年6月长江口低氧区及邻近水域的主要浮游植物门类,其优势物种是:具齿原甲藻Prorocentrum dentatum(=Prorocentrum donghaiense)、米氏凯伦藻Karenia mikimotoi、尖刺伪菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia pungens、柔弱伪菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima、锥状施克里普藻Scrippsiella trochoidea和具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata.调查区浮游植物物种以广温、广布型为主.本次调查海域浮游植物的细胞丰度介于0.0026×105-37.37×105个/dm3.平均值为1.47×105个/dm3;甲藻占浮游植物细胞丰度的比例最大,细胞丰度介于0.0002×105-32.01×105个/dm3,平均值为1.39×105个/dm3;其次为硅藻,细胞丰度介于0.0001×105-18.72×105个/dm3,平均值为0.52×105个/dm3.具齿原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻所占丰度比例分别达到45.81%和26.44%,优势度分别为0.30和0.18.具齿原甲藻细胞丰度最高值出现在调查海域北部3号站-20m水层,为3.19×106个/dm3;米氏凯伦藻细胞丰度最高值出现在调查海域西南部29号站表层,为1.71×106个/dm3.浮游植物细胞丰度在水体中的垂直分布为表层最大,随着水深增加而逐渐降低.根据浮游植物的表层分布和断面分布可以发现,细胞丰度高值主要集中在调查区的西南部和北部.东南部浮游植物细胞丰度较低.同时调查海域东南部浮游植物多样性指数和均匀度指数较高,近岸低氧区和中部区域则较低.调查区水体层化现象明显,表层水和底层水之间氧的交换变弱,有机碎屑和浮游植物大量繁殖后沉降分解可能导致了底层低氧区的形成.     

Oxygen depletion off the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary

In a survey on the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea on August 20-30 of 1999, we found a hypoxic zone (<2 mg/L) of 13700 km² with an average thickness of 20m at the bottom of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary, with an oxygen minimum value of 1 mg/L. The extension of the dissolved oxygen deficiency extended to the 100m isobath in a southeastward direction along the bottom of the continental shelf of the East China Sea. During the last two decades, the minimum dissolved oxygen values in the low oxygen region of the Changjiang Estuary have decreased from 2.85 mg/L to 1 mg/L. In the hypoxic zone, the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) was 5.8 mg/L and the total oxygen depletion approximately 1.59 × 10⁶t. The strong halocline above the hypoxic zone, as a result of affluent water from the Changjiang, Taiwan Warm Current (TWC), and the high concentrations of particle organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) are the major factors causing the formation of the hypoxic zone. The POC: PON ratios and nutrient concentration distributions in the hypoxic zone suggest that the oxygen deficiency in the bottom water during the summer in the East China Sea off the Changjiang is the result of organic carbon production enhanced by nutrients from the Changjiang and fluvial organic matter input, followed by a shift in regeneration of nutrients in the East China Sea.     

基于多重时空数据的新疆绿洲研究

绿洲是在特定的气候、地貌、水文、土壤、植被、动物等因素相互作用以及人类活动共同影响下而形成的自然综合体。即是在干旱区或荒漠背景下,由自然及人类共同作用,有利于人类及其他生物生存,且生产力明显高于周边的地域。利用近期新疆地区地形、降水、植被、草地、土壤等空间数据,以及2010年度新疆地区土地利用数据,应用GIS软件进行综合空间分析,获取了新疆地区干旱荒漠及绿洲区域的界线。2010年度新疆绿洲面积约占全疆总面积的9.54%,包括了天然绿洲与人工绿洲,两部分面积几乎各占一半。新疆地区绿洲的土地利用类型包括了各类林地、中高覆盖度草地、除冰川和永久积雪地的各类水域,沼泽地、城镇工矿居民点建设用地,以及各类灌溉耕地。     

Bacterial diversity and community structure in the East China Sea by 454 sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene

The 454 sequencing method was used to detect bacterial diversity and community structure in the East China Sea. Overall, 149 067 optimized reads with an average length of 454 nucleotides were obtained from 17 seawater samples and five sediment samples sourced in May 2011. A total of 22 phyla, 34 classes, 74 orders, 146 families, and 333 genera were identified in this study. Some of them were detected for the first time from the East China Sea. The estimated richness and diversity indices were both higher in the sediment samples compared with in the seawater samples. All the samples were divided by their diversity indices into four regions. Similarity analysis showed that the seawater samples could be classified into six groups. The groups differed from each other and had unique community structure characteristics. It was found that different water masses in the sampling areas may have had some influence on the bacterial community structure. A canonical correspondence analysis revealed that seawater samples in different areas and at different depths were affected by different environmental parameters. This study will lay the foundation for future research on microbiology in the East China Sea.