北极水域船舶事故特征及关联规则分析

北极海冰的大量融化,加速了北极航道开发和利用,对北极水域船舶事故风险管理提出了更高的要求。本文以2008—2017年的北极水域船舶事故数据为样本,运用数据挖掘技术和方法,对北极水域船舶事故进行了时空特征分析,并对船舶属性与事故属性之间的潜在映射关系进行了关联规则挖掘。结果表明:北极水域事故数逐年呈上升的趋势,事故主要发生在巴伦支海东部的俄罗斯摩尔曼斯克港口水域和挪威北部水域;北极水域严重事故受船舶总吨、船旗国、船舶类型、事故类型、事故水域等变量的影响,船舶尺度较大的船舶更容易造成严重事故;北极水域俄罗斯籍渔船的严重事故,很多是由机损事故引发的,但很少造成环境污染。研究结论可辅助海事管理部门和航运企业开展北极水域船舶事故预防和风险管理工作。     

长江电子航道图生产与服务技术方法

长江电子航道图是长江航运现代化发展的重要一环,为数字航道、智能航运建设以及水运信息化发展提供了有力支撑.从长江电子航道图数据生产与信息服务技术方法层面,说明长江电子航道图系统的功能特点及服务运行方式,分析其建设的技术功能与特点;介绍长江电子航道图提供的智能助航服务,并分析其推广应用前景,为内河电子航道图建设提供发展经验...     

Model of Shipping Noise in the Deep Water: Directional Density and Spatial Coherence Functions

The shipping noise properties in the deep ocean are studied. Shipping noise exhibits the strong dual-horned directionality features in the flat-seabed ocean, and its directional density can be modeled by a Von Mises distribution. With the explicit expression for the directional density function, the spatial coherence functions of shipping noise are also derived, and the relative features are studied. The research result shows that the properties of shipping noise are different from the ambient noise of other sources, and it can be used for the sonar array design. The model is well matched with the experimental result, and it can be extended to the situations when the ambient noise exhibits the dual-horned structure.     

河海、陆海分界的科学、法律依据

从科学和法律的观点,讨论了河海、陆海的分界问题.从自然科学的角度考虑,河、海间的过渡段是河口,陆、海间的过渡段是滩涂.否定这两个过渡段的客观存在及其自然属性是不现实的和不明智的.河口是河流与海洋相互作用的地段,潮流与径流是河口物质、能量输移的两个主要动力因素;而海洋的主要动力除潮流外,还有波浪、密度流、各类海洋环流,径流已微不足道.滩涂是随高、低潮位变化而时淹时露的一片陆地,而海洋则主要是指低潮位以下的水体,两者自然属性有明显的差异.但河口与海洋、滩涂与海洋在学术研究中难免存在交叉,相比之下,自然科学、法律条文对上述一些用语的定义、内涵则更加严格.目前法律上对海域论述最权威的应是1994年通过的、我国也签约的<联合国海洋法公约>.该法对海岸基线、内水、河口、海域、海湾均有科学、严格的定义,将名词的科学性与法律的严肃性、可操作性完美地结合在一起.全国人大于1996年5月批准执行此法,它应是我国海洋法系统的法律基础,其它的法律文件(包括名词定义与基本精神)不能与之相冲突.引用了国内外海洋法的条文、权威的学术专著及相关论文,从科学及法律条文上明确的定义看,领海基线即低潮位线是陆-海及河-海的分界线,也是量算领海距离、划分内水与海域的基准线,内水是领海基线向陆一侧的水域,包括河流、河口、海湾及滩涂的水体等.因此内水不限于海域,而2001年我国人大通过的<海域法>未明确河口及滩涂的法律地位,而且正是该法将内水表述为海域的组成部分,与<联合国海洋法公约>将内水不包括在海域之内相矛盾,故执行中常发生争议.     

陆海分界和河海分界探讨

针对我国相关部门在实施<海域使用管理法>时,存在对管辖权认识不一致的情况,对焦点所在的海岸线确定、滩涂归属问题以及河海划界进行讨论.通过对国外沿海各国确定的海岸线现状的考察以及对国内涉海管理工作实践经验的分析,认为海岸线应为平均大潮高潮线.对于滩涂归属问题,由于国内现有法律对潮间带滩涂性质的确定存在矛盾,从两方面对潮间带滩涂性质进行分析.从滩涂本身特点来说,潮间带滩涂受海洋动力影响较大且与海洋联系密切,将其从海域管理工作中割裂出来,易造成海洋生态系统的严重损害.而从滩涂归属权国际实践来看,以平均高潮线为海岸线的国家大多将潮间带滩涂归属于海域.因此认为高潮线以下滩涂应属海域,并提出3点建议:(1) 基于国内滩涂使用与支配事实的历史成因,建议监督和管理功能分由两个部门负责,海洋部门起监督作用,仍由原来沿海各省主管滩涂开发的部门开发滩涂,这样也有利于滩涂开发管理的持续性和滩涂资源的保护;(2) 对于海域使用许可权,建议采用多项许可证制度,既避免主管部门滥用行政权力,损害其他部门的利益,同时也使开发利用项目得到周密的审查,避免其对海洋生态、海洋环境产生不利影响;(3) 在审批权限方面,考虑各省滩涂自然条件不一、经济发展重点不一的情况并借鉴国际实践,建议适当扩大地方政府和地方海洋管理部门对海域管理的权限.河海分界是海岸线确定的难点.对于河海分界问题,认为河海划界是社会行为,是对在河海交汇区域里的管理行为及其职责、义务的分类和界定,应满足遵守自然客观规律、有利于社会稳定团结和资源可持续发展以及综合考虑多方面因素这3项原则.从3方面讨论了河口的归属问题.并建议主要江河的河海界线以河口口门和口外海滨段的内端为界,即河口的近口段和河口段应属河,河口的口外海滨段属海.在一些小的入海河流可以明显的标志物(如挡潮闸、桥等)作为河海分界线.     

Does ratification matter and do major conventions improve safety and decrease pollution in shipping?

This article develops a method to measure the effect of the major international conventions in the area of safety, pollution, search and rescue and work related measures. It further distinguishes between the effect of entry into force and the status of ratification of a convention by its parties. Standard econometric models are used and the analysis is based on a unique dataset of 30 years of monthly data where the models also correct for other factors which can influence safety such as safety inspections and ship economic cycles. The results show a complex picture where the average time between adoption and entry into force was calculated to be 3.1 years. Overall, the more parties ratify a convention, the more likely safety is improved and pollution is decreased although one can detect a certain level of non-compliance. The immediate effect of entry into force presents a mixed picture where most negative effects can be found with legislation in the area of safety management and pollution, followed by technical areas. The effect of legislation in the areas related to working and living conditions and certification and training is smallest. Seasonality can be found with peaks in December and January for all conventions but are less important for pollution.     

Is the European shipping industry aware of corporate social responsibility? The case of the Greek-owned short sea shipping companies

This paper attempts to clarify the meaning of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the context of the European maritime sector and examines its application in the case of the Greek-owned short sea shipping companies. CSR is assessed in terms of a number of variables such as employees’ satisfaction, corporate productivity and efficiency, social welfare, awareness and social accountability of managers and directors, et al. Focus is given on the applicability of CSR to shipping companies of small and medium size. For this purpose a survey has been conducted. Based on the findings of the qualitative research performed, it is concluded that the application of CSR is restricted only to companies that either are subsidiaries of international conglomerates or owned by ship-owners personally aware of the corporate benefits derived from social responsible behaviour . Based on improved knowledge of managers’ and directors’ attitudes and views towards CSR solutions, the paper offers some ways forward for policy informing.     

RTK技术在航迹、航速测量中的应用与研究

为了确定桥梁的通航标准，给桥跨和桥墩位的设计提供基础资料，需要对各种船舶的航迹和航速进行测量，在比较和研究后选择了利用GPSRTK技术进行测量，经过实践检验，该方法不仅切实可行，而且大大提高了工作效率。     

Developing direct shipping across the Taiwan Straits

Direct shipping across the Taiwan Straits has been restricted since 1949 for political reasons. Goods for cross-Straits trade must be transshipped via a third place, such as Hong Kong or a Japanese port. Since commercial activities across the Straits have become increasingly prosperous in recent years, the demand for direct shipping across the Straits is growing critically important and attracts great attention from all sectors. Businessmen who are involved in cross-Straits trade have criticized the higher costs and longer transit time of transshipment. This article explores possible solutions for shipping directly across the Straits. It discusses the mode of negotiation for settling the discrepancies in viewpoints between the two sides, and aims to provide a reference for governments from both sides.     

Liner shipping and information exchange—a European perspective

The European Commission (EC) is currently reviewing Council Regulation 4056/86, which includes the proposal by the European Liner Affairs Association (ELAA) to put in place a regulatory instrument for an information exchange system. The White Paper of the EC, issued in 2004, which provides a comprehensive discussion of the key issues including the ELAA proposal, is examined. The implications of the removal of Regulation 4056/86 and the application of this information exchange instrument in its place are studied. Arising from the protection afforded by antitrust immunity for nearly 100 years owners appear to have developed a fear of the unknown regarding an unregulated environment.