中国山岳型旅游地旅游环境研究进展综述

随着旅游业的发展，山岳型旅游地环境问题已成为国内外旅游研究的重要领域之一，从对国内相关文献的分析来看，可以从旅游对环境的影响、旅游环境质量及其评价、旅游环境管理、旅游的环境效益，以及对旅游环境的保护5个方面来分析和评价中国山岳型旅游地旅游环境研究进展，可以看出，总体来说目前中国对山岳旅游地环境的研究已经相当广泛和细致，但是在对有些领域的研究上，研究内容还不够全面，而在有些领域的研究上，研究方法也有所欠缺，有待进一步改进和加强。     

Snow model sensitivity analysis to understand spatial and temporal snow dynamics in a high‐elevation catchment

In this paper, we addressed a sensitivity analysis of the snow module of the GEOtop2.0 model at point and catchment scale in a small high‐elevation catchment in the Eastern Italian Alps (catchment size: 61 km²). Simulated snow depth and snow water equivalent at the point scale were compared with measured data at four locations from 2009 to 2013. At the catchment scale, simulated snow‐covered area (SCA) was compared with binary snow cover maps derived from moderate‐resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat satellite imagery. Sensitivity analyses were used to assess the effect of different model parameterizations on model performance at both scales and the effect of different thresholds of simulated snow depth on the agreement with MODIS data. Our results at point scale indicated that modifying only the “snow correction factor” resulted in substantial improvements of the snow model and effectively compensated inaccurate winter precipitation by enhancing snow accumulation. SCA inaccuracies at catchment scale during accumulation and melt period were affected little by different snow depth thresholds when using calibrated winter precipitation from point scale. However, inaccuracies were strongly controlled by topographic characteristics and model parameterizations driving snow albedo (“snow ageing coefficient” and “extinction of snow albedo”) during accumulation and melt period. Although highest accuracies (overall accuracy = 1 in 86% of the catchment area) were observed during winter, lower accuracies (overall accuracy < 0.7) occurred during the early accumulation and melt period (in 29% and 23%, respectively), mostly present in areas with grassland and forest, slopes of 20–40°, areas exposed NW or areas with a topographic roughness index of ?0.25 to 0 m. These findings may give recommendations for defining more effective model parameterization strategies and guide future work, in which simulated and MODIS SCA may be combined to generate improved products for SCA monitoring in Alpine catchments.     

Unraveling complex hydrogeological processes in Andean basins in south‐central Chile: An integrated assessment to understand hydrological dissimilarity

Groundwater storage, drainage, and interbasin water exchange are common hydrological processes but often difficult to quantify due to a lack of local observations. We present a study of three volcanic mountainous watersheds located in south‐central Chile (~36.9 ° S) in the Chillán volcanic complex (Chillán, Renegado, and Diguillín river basins). These are neighboring basins that are similar with respect to the metrics normally available for characterization everywhere (e.g., precipitation, temperature, and land cover). In a hydrological sense, similar (proportional) behavior would be expected if these catchments would be characterized with this general information. However, these watersheds show dissimilar behavior when analyzed in detail. The surface water balance does not fit for any of these watersheds individually; however, the water balance of the whole system can be explained by likely interbasin water exchanges. The Renegado river basin has an average annual runoff per unit of area on the order of 60–65% less than those of the Diguillín and Chillán rivers, which is contradictory to the hydrological similarity among the basins. To understand the main processes that control streamflow generation, two analyses were performed: (a) basin metrics (land cover, geologic, topographic, and climatological maps) and hydro‐meteorological data analyses and (b) a water balance model approach. The analyses contribute to a plausible explanation for the hydrogeological processes in the system. The soils, topography, and geology of the Chillán–Renegado–Diguillín system favor the infiltration and groundwater movements from the Renegado river basin, mainly to the neighboring Diguillín basin. The interbasin water exchanges affect hydrological similarity and explain the differences observed in the hydrological processes of these three apparently similar volcanic basins. The results highlight the complexity of hydrological processes in volcanic mountainous systems and suggest that a simple watershed classification approach based on widely available data is insufficient. Simple local analyses such as specific flow analysis with a review of the geology and morphology can contribute to a better understanding of the hydrology of volcanic mountainous areas.     

基于CIPS软件探讨高山地DOM数据的生产方式

在DOM数据生产中,山地、高山地数据一直以来都是重点和难点。本文分析了高山地影像数据的特点,提出一种与山地、高山地数据相适应的处理方式。最后基于CIPS软件,按需求设计对应的软件处理流程,并使用满足实验要求的高山地影像数据,对这种方式加以实现和验证。     

高分一号遥感影像地质灾害信息提取方法研究

山区地质灾害发生频繁,受灾范围大,危害严重。提取地质灾害信息、估算受灾情况,对救灾工作极为重要。传统的遥感人工解译方法速度慢、效率低;计算机自动解译速度快但解译精度受影像质量影响大,大范围地区很难建立起普适性的解译模型。本文利用洮南市西部高分一号遥感数据,结合DEM生成三维影像,建立解译标志,解译基础地质信息,分析地质灾害成因;根据研究区泥石流地质灾害的主要影像特征,提取影像的分类属性,基于面向对象的分类方法,建立信息提取模型,快速提取出地质灾害敏感区域;再进行人机交互,精确提取出地质灾害的类型和范围,通过野外验证,该方法十分可靠,为大范围地质灾害信息快速提取和灾后救援提供科学依据。     

迁移学习支持下的高分影像山地滑坡灾害解译模型

无人机低空遥感是近年来新兴的一种快速获取灾情信息的手段,如何利用无人机高分影像构建滑坡灾害解译模型是实现快速自动解译滑坡的关键。针对该问题,对比了多种影像特征提取方法,将迁移学习(TL)特征和支持向量机(SVM)引入到构建滑坡灾害自动解译模型中,提出了一种TL支持下的高分影像滑坡灾害解译模型。选取5·12汶川地震及4·20芦山地震系列无人机影像构建了滑坡灾害样本库并进行了实验,TL特征方法整体分类准确度ACC为95%,ROC达到0.98,识别准确率达到97%。结果表明,所提方法可用于高分影像滑坡自动解译,同时可用于大面积高分影像中快速山地滑坡灾害定位及检测。     

东昆仑祁漫塔格山地区夏日哈木镍矿床矿物学特征

青海夏日哈木是近年来新发现的超大型镍矿床,大地构造位置处于东昆仑造山带之东昆中花岗—变质杂岩带的隆起区,成矿与镁铁质—超镁铁质小侵入体有关,属岩浆深部熔离贯入型。矿体呈透镜状、似层状,主要产于辉石岩、橄辉岩和苏长岩中;矿石为块状、准块状、海绵陨铁状、浸染状、细脉状和斑杂状构造,粒状结构、交代结构和固溶体分离结构等。矿石金属矿物主要为磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿和黄铜矿,含少量和微量紫硫镍矿、马基诺矿、铬铁矿、磁铁矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、辉铋矿、钛铁矿和自然铋等;脉石矿物主要有斜方辉石、橄榄石、普通辉石、基性斜长石、镁铁闪石、直闪石、滑石、蛇纹石等。文中对夏日哈木和金川我国两个超大型镍矿的主要地质特征作了对比;与世界上主要同类型硫化物铜镍矿床相比较,夏日哈木镍矿具有不少独特的特征,如其成岩成矿时代相对较年轻,矿石中铜的品位较低、亏损铂族元素等。     

1980-2010年冬季北极涛动季节内振荡的成因分析

采用NCEP/NCAR日平均再分析资料,对冬季热带外低频振荡(大气角动量收支及地形力矩)与AO(Arctic Oscillation)指数进行计算,通过功率谱和统计分析发现,它们都存在30~60 d的周期,大气角动量收支与山脉力矩的变化为正相关,且显著响应AO变化。通过动力学诊断分析初步认为,北半球两大地形的山脉力矩作用于纬向大气角动量,副热带纬向西风发生变化,改变南北西风偶极子结构,使得AO产生变化,而且在两大地形中以喜马拉雅山脉地形作用为主。通过对喜马拉雅山脉地区的动力学诊断发现,在高(低)AO指数阶段,喜马拉雅山脉地区激发准定常行星波并作用于副热带西风,导致副热带西风偏弱(偏强),高纬西风偏强(偏弱),因而AO偏强(偏弱),平流层极涡偏强(偏弱),极涡强(弱)中心偏向东北亚。     

北大巴山闹阳坪锌萤石矿区断裂特征与找矿预测

闹阳坪锌萤石矿床位于北大巴山逆冲推覆褶皱带平利隆起东侧,为该区首次发现的受构造裂隙控制的气水–热液型锌萤石矿床。本文从矿区断裂入手,通过对该区矿床地质、断裂特征、矿体特征的研究,总结了该区断裂的演化序列及其对成矿的控制机制与规律。认为NW-SE向断裂组是矿区的主要控矿构造,矿区断裂变形发育演化序列为晚印支–早燕山期形成近EW向断裂F1,早燕山期形成NW-SE向断裂F7和NE-SW向断裂F4,随后的右行走滑作用叠加有张扭性应力,形成有利于成矿热液运移充填成矿的张扭性右行走滑断裂。并明确了成矿期应变椭球体,恢复了成矿期主压应力方向为NNW向(340°~350°)。在此基础上,预测平面上闹阳坪矿区F7与F8断裂之间为下一步找矿重点地段,剖面上K3萤石矿体下伏北东方向可能存在隐伏矿体。     

北京某山坡湿陷性土层地基处理可行性分析与建议

北京市密云区某拟建别墅工程,属于山体边坡地基基础工程,任务要求对湿陷性地基土层进行湿陷性消除,并将其地基土承载力特征值提高到fak≥130 kPa。此外,还需要考虑边坡稳定性及其永久性加固问题。对该项目进行了深入分析、研究,并采用概念设计方法,对其进行设计预演,发现该项目存在工序复杂、不易实施、在永久性使用方面存在一定隐患、并具有责任不当等问题。对该地基基础工程进行了重新分析,建议取消地基处理措施,改用嵌岩桩作为拟建物的基础。