青藏高原退化高寒草甸生长季承载力

近年来,在气候变化和人类活动的共同影响下,青藏高原部分地区草场退化严重。在青藏高原北麓河流域多年冻土区选取中度退化及未退化高寒草甸,用热红外辐射器模拟气候变暖,研究草地退化和气候变化对生长季草场数量和营养承载力（可消化蛋白承载力和代谢能承载力）的影响。结果表明：（1）退化后,莎草科植物在群落中的重要值降低,而禾本科和杂草类植物重要值逐渐增加;（2）退化对植被地上生物量无显著影响,但退化伴随着气候变暖使地上生物量在6月和9月分别显著降低了（87.17±6.93） g·m^-2和（38.89±2.23） g·m^-2;（3）退化在6月和9月使牧草粗蛋白含量分别显著降低了29.15%和33.74%,但使牧草中酸性洗涤纤维含量分别显著增加了11.68%和15.34%,牧草品质下降明显;（4）退化伴随着气候变暖使数量承载力和代谢能承载力在6月分别降低了（2.63±0.21）、（6.94±0.55）羊单位·hm^-2,在9月分别降低了（1.17±0.07）、（3.1±0.17）羊单位·hm^-2。研究区草场代谢能承载力>可消化蛋白承载力>数量承载力。研究区生长季牧草营养供给充足,适宜承载力为数量承载力     

不同冬小麦对盐处理和干旱胁迫交互作用响应的差异性分析

通过对抗逆性不同的6个烟台冬小麦品种在盐处理和干旱胁迫交互作用进程中叶片相对含水量（RWC）,膜脂过氧化产物（MDA）和抗氧化酶活力（SOD,POD,CAT）及渗透调节物含量（脯氨酸,可溶性蛋白）的分析,以了解不同冬小麦品种对盐处理和干旱胁迫交互作用响应的生理调节差异。研究表明,在水分供应充足条件下盐处理10 d,6个品种冬小麦生长良好并和对照没有差异,但在干旱胁迫中盐处理组较对照MDA含量低,RWC和抗氧化酶活力和渗透调节物含量均高,且叶片萎蔫较对照出现晚。但经盐处理的6个冬小麦品种对干旱胁迫响应有差异。在长期干旱(12 d),抗旱性强的品种RWC（81%）明显高于抗旱性弱的（62%）,前者叶片MDA含量较后者低30%,抗旱性强的品种抗氧化酶活力和渗透调节物含量略低于抗旱性弱的品种,但是差异不明显。在盐处理和干旱胁迫交互作用下,盐离子自身可作为渗透调节物既增加了土壤的持水力又提高了细胞保水力而使冬小麦耐旱性增强。抗旱性强的冬小麦品种对盐处理反应敏感且保水性强,细胞膜脂过氧化程度较低,故耐旱力高,抗旱性弱的品种则相反。研究进一步表明,在未来干旱地区实施适度的盐水灌溉可提高冬小麦的耐旱力,但选择抗旱力强的冬小麦品种是实施这一农业耕作措施的关键。     

普兰县农牧结合潜力分析（英文）

农牧结合是高寒牧区放牧系统的一项重要的实践,具有实现农业和牲畜业可持续生产的重大潜力。然而,目前青藏高原的农牧业分离已经导致集约化农业、草地退化和饲料短缺的问题产生。因此,为探索高山放牧系统中农牧结合的潜力,本研究以中国普兰县为例,基于多数据源,分析了牧草生产潜力和牲畜产量,并从饲草供给角度评估了农牧结合的潜力。结果表明:普兰县可用于人工种草的潜在边际土地约560公顷,基本位于环境条件较好的普兰镇周边。而积温是牧草种植的主要环境限制因子,今后牧草种植应注重品种的抗寒性和生长周期,同时也要注意人工草地建立后的退化和沙化问题。另外,虽然2012–2016年普兰县牲畜数量明显下降,但高寒草地放牧牲畜数量依然高于农牧景观的牲畜放牧数量。该地区目前放牧牲畜数量一般维持在约11万只羊单位,而人工草地和作物秸秆能够提供约1.1万只羊单位的饲料,约占农牧景观中牲畜数量的一半。普兰县农牧结合可以适当补充放牧条件下牲畜饲料的缺额,尤其是在农牧区的普兰镇。本研究结果对未来牧草生产和发展农牧结合具有重要的指导意义。     

Overland runoff erosion dynamics on steep slopes with forages under field simulated rainfall and inflow

Although numerous studies have acknowledged that vegetation can reduce erosion, few process-based studies have examined how vegetation cover affect runoff hydraulics and erosion processes. We present field observations of overland flow hydraulics using rainfall simulations in a typical semiarid area in China. Field plots (5 × 2 m²) were constructed on a loess hillslope (25°), including bare soil plot as control and three plots with planted forage species as treatments—Astragalus adsurgens, Medicago sativa and Cosmos bipinnatus. Both simulated rainfall and simulated rainfall + inflow were applied. Forages reduced soil loss by 55–85% and decreased overland flow rate by 12–37%. Forages significantly increased flow hydraulic resistance expressed by Darcy–Weisbach friction factor by 188–202% and expressed by Manning's friction factor by 66–75%; and decreased overland flow velocity by 28–30%. The upslope inflow significantly increased overland flow velocity by 67% and stream power by 449%, resulting in increased sediment yield rate by 108%. Erosion rate exhibited a significant linear relationship with stream power. M. sativa exhibited the best in reducing soil loss which probably resulted from its role in reducing stream power. Forages on the downslope performed better at reducing sediment yield than upslope due to decreased rill formation and stream power. The findings contribute to an improved understanding of using vegetation to control water and soil loss and land degradation in semiarid environments.     

Short-term effects of shrub control on two different plant communities in Argentina

The aim of this work was to study the effect of controlling jarilla (Larreaspp.), nonforage shrubs for livestock, on two plant communities with different forage production in the arid mid-west of Argentina. Total vegetation cover, forage species cover and carrying capacity were determined during three growing seasons, for cleared and uncleared plots. At the end of the study, significant differences were found in theLarrea cuneifoliacommunity, where average forage species cover increased by 156% over the control, and greater carrying capacity (129%) was also obtained from the cleared treatment. No significant differences were found in theLarrea divaricatacommunity. Data lead us to recommend shrub control as an improvement practice only in areas with low forage species cover and poor carrying capacity.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed is the article: Small-State Security in the Balkans . Aurel Braun. South American Development: A Geographical Introduction . Rosemary D. F. Bromley and Ray Bromley. Interregional Migration, National Policy and Social Justice . Gordon L. Clark. Marketing Architectural and Engineering Services . Weld Coxe. A Geography of the Third World . J. P. Dickenson, C. G. Clarke, W. T. S. Gould, R. M. Prothero, D. J. Siddle, C. T. Smith, E. M. Thomas-Hope, and A. G. Hodgkiss. Wildlife and Man in Texas: Environmental Change and Conservation . Robin W. Doughty. At the Sea's Edge . William T. Fox. Englewood Cliffs Geography and Ecology . I. P. Gerasimov. Urbanization in Contemporary Latin America. Critical Approaches to the Analysis of Urban Issues . Alan Gilbert in association with Jorge E. Hardoy and Ronaldo Ramírez, eds. The Coming of the Transactional City . Jean Gottmann. College Park Visions of City and Country: Prints and Photographs of Nineteenth-Century France . Bonnie L. Grad and Timothy A. Riggs. Worcester Soviet Geography Today: Physical Geography . N. A. Gvozdetskiy, ed. Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians . Raymond B. Hames and William T. Vickers, eds. Urban and Regional Industrial Research: The Changing UK Data Base . Michael Healey, ed. Cuando se Acaban los Montes . Stanley Heckadon Moreno. A Panama Forest and Shore: Natural History and Amerindian Culture in Bocas del Toro . Burton L. Gordon. Pacific Grove Mozambique: From Colonialism to Revolution, 1900–1982 . Allen Isaacman and Barbara Isaacman. Soviet Natural Resources in the World Economy . Robert G. Jensen, Theodore Shabad, and Arthur W. Wright, eds. The Changing Geography of the United Kingdom . R. J. Johnston and J. C. Doornkamp, eds. Pluralism and Political Geography—People, Territory and State . Nurit Kliot and Stanley Waterman, eds. Landmarks Preservation and the Property Tax . David Listokin. Irrigation Horticulture in Highland Guatemala: The Tablón System of Panajachel . Kent Mathewson. Her Space, Her Place: A Geography of Women . Mary Ellen Mazey and David R. Lee. Man, A Geomorphological Agent . Dov Nir. Dordrecht The Book of America: Inside the 50 States Today . Neal R. Peirce and Jerry Hagstrom. Rivers . Geoffrey E. Petts. Proceedings, United States/Australia Workshop on Design and Implementation of Computer-Based Geographic Information Systems . Donna Peuquet and John O'Callaghan, eds. Outdoor Recreational and Resource Management . John Pigram. Remaking the City: Social Science Perspectives on Urban Design . John S. Pipkin, Mark La Gory and Judith R. Blau, eds. The Crust of Our Earth: An Armchair Traveler's Guide to the New Geology . Chet Raymo. Englewood Cliffs Concepts and Themes in the Regional Geography of Canada J. Lewis Robinson. Vancouver Secondary Cities in Developing Countries: Policies for Diffusing Urbanization . Dennis A. Rondinelli. Beverly Hills Legal Foundations of Environmental Planning , Vol 1. J. G. Rose. Can We Delay a Greenhouse Warming? Stephen Seidel and Dale Keyes. Mobilizing Human Resources in the Arab World . R. Paul Shaw. Prairie Mosaic: An Ethnic Atlas of Rural North Dakota . William C. Sherman. The Future of Conflict in the 1980s . William J. Taylor, Jr. and Steven A. Maaranen, eds. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information . Edward R. Tufte. U.S. 40 Today: Thirty Years of landscape Change in America . Thomas R. Vale and Geraldine R. Vale. Madison Silent Violence: Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria . Michael Watts. Readings in Historic Preservation: Why? What? How? Norman Williams Jr., Edmund Kellogg and Frank Gilbert, eds.     

鄂托克地区大气降水与牧草产量的关系分析

对鄂托克旗气象局1985—2007年测定的有关气象资料进行统计分析,结果表明:内蒙古鄂托克地区天然草地的产草量取决于当年6—7月份的降水量,而且与6—7月份的土壤湿度(5～20cm)有直接相关。