“低温雨雪冰冻”天气过程锋区特征分析

2008年年初低温雨雪冰冻期间(包括4次过程),冷暖气团长期对峙是"低温雨雪冰冻"天气持续的主要原因;准静止锋稳定、少动,锋面较平缓;等θse经向和垂直向梯度不断加强;冷暖气团形成的逆温很明显;主锋区前部上空存在多层锋区现象;锋区渐强,最强时在10个纬度内南北温差超过20℃;相对湿度≥90%的高湿度区的移动趋势、范围、垂直伸展高度均与4次过程吻合较好;锋生函数的分布与等θse密集区的分布一致,呈向北倾斜上升状,滇黔地区准静止锋区域内,多数时间段有锋生发生,华南地区上空静止少动的锋生中心,正是低温雨雪冰冻期间准静止锋长期稳定的原因之一;南北风交界线的移动趋势与低温雨雪冰冻过程趋势一致,4次过程都伴有偏南风低空急流;当副热带高空急流逐渐加强、水平风垂直切变加强并向下伸展时,低空急流加强;高位涡舌向下伸展,高纬度的高位涡舌与主锋区的中高层相对应,中纬度高位涡舌与副热带锋区对应;湿位涡斜压项PMV2量级较小,但其与,4次过程的对应关系非常好;锋区上界和下界等熵面上的气流能较好地反映准静止锋区上、下界特征;约290 K等熵面上(锋区下界以下)在贵州均为偏东气流,这是贵州及江南大部分地区长时间维持低层冷气团的主要原因.     

沙尘暴垂直输运的两相流理论Ⅱ：气柱挟卷模式

为了改进气块法对沙尘沉降问题的研究,文中利用气柱法,考虑沙尘气体与环境的交换作用以及气柱内湍流交换作用.计算结果表明,均匀场中有利于沉降的条件为较大的初始沙尘浓度扰动与较小的初始温度扰动,而且温度扩散系数越大越有利于沙尘沉降,沙尘浓度扩散系数越大越不利于沙尘沉降,湍流过程在均匀场中对沙尘沉降影响不大.考虑剑更真实的环境场,得出在环境的垂直沙尘浓度梯度与温度梯度的参数域中,初始沙尘扰动越大越有利于沙尘沉降,初始温度扰动越大,越小利于沙尘沉降.同时给出4种不利于沙尘沉降的过程:(1)上升浓度变化过程;(2)下沉浓度变化过程;(3)上升温度变化过程;(4)下沉温度变化过程.根据这些过程分析参数对沙尘沉降的影响得到:温度扩散系数越大越有利沙尘沉降;沙尘浓度扩散系数越大不利十沙尘沉降;垂直温度湍流交换系数越大有利于缓降区甚至是非沉降区的上升;垂直沙尘浓度湍流交换系数越大越有利于沙尘沉降.     

一次飑线过程多普勒雷达资料分析

利用济南CINRAD/SA多普勒雷达产品,针对2006年7月5日飑线天气过程,分析回波发展演变、流场结构,讨论外流边界、强下沉气流与大风的关系,分析组合反射率因子、垂直液态含水量、中气旋产品特征.结果发现,飑线过境时风速出现两个极大值,一个出现在外流边界影响时段,另一个发生在强回波下沉气流影响时段;在横槽南下过程中,飑线后部强入流不断补充,前侧暖湿气流沿着后部入流爬升,不断产生新的单体,使得风暴得以维持发展;在垂直流场结构上表现为前侧暖湿气流倾斜上升,然后主体部分向后倾斜,后部有冷空气注入,形成下沉气流,下沉气流在地面附近辐散,与前侧入流形成低层阵风锋,是造成地面破坏性大风的主要因素.在水平流场结构上表现为低层存在气流辐合上升运动,中层有气旋性旋转气流,风暴高层为辐散气流.飑线消散阶段后期中层出现MARC,带来大风天气,而同时伴有冰雹天气的风灾产生在飑线达到最强至开始减弱的时段.当回波强度≥50dBz,且垂直液态含水量≥35kg·m-2,当有中气旋时,有利于产生冰雹和大风天气;外流边界的出现,反映了强对流回波后部下沉气流较强,是灾害性大风的前兆.     

夏季黔东南州局地暴雨与西太副高环流的关系

通过对黔东南州1996-2005年夏季发生局地暴雨的主要影响系统、各种物理量场的特征、地形等的综合分析,得出9次局地暴雨都与西太平洋副热带高压位置变化密切相关,西太平洋副热带高压外围的SW气流均增强为急流,并输送大量水汽和不稳定能量,而且特别有利的地形的强化作用,造成黔东南暴雨的落区不同.根据暴雨的不同落区,将其归纳为四种类型,即西部型暴雨、南部型暴雨、中部型暴雨、东部型暴雨.但中、南部型暴雨还有中低层低涡切变线配合产生.     

不对称环流对台风强度变化的影响

利用卫星云图和NCEP再分析风场资料对0207号台风HALONG云系和风场变化特征进行了分析.结果表明,台风云系不对称的结构,台风西侧高空急流向台风中心的移动和辐散是台风迅速减弱的主要原因.为了了解不对称台风环流对台风强度的影响,还对比分析了0417号台风AERE、0216号台风SINLAKU在中国沿海减弱和重新加强的环流特征.在低层流入台风中心南侧的西风分量大,在高层流入台风中心西侧的北风分量小,有利于台风的加强.台风南、北两侧的东西向风场垂直切变梯度差异不利于台风加强.东西向风场垂直切变对台风强度的影响比南北向风场更重要.     

一次长寿命风暴的CINRAD/SA雷达反射率及中气旋产品特征与流场结构分析

利用济南观测站的探空、涡度、地面资料和CINRAD/SA雷达产品,对2004年6月24日发生在山东西部地区的强风暴过程进行了分析。结果表明,风暴低层存在中尺度辐合现象,风暴前侧的入流依靠后部低层冷空气池的向前推进而得到支撑,产生逆环境风切变方向的主上升气流区;中层为双涡旋结构,这种深厚的内部涡旋结构可与环境风相持,形成近似刚体的风暴柱,环境风绕风暴而过,不会吹穿风暴,有利于风暴长时间维持;风暴成熟阶段表现为超级单体结构特征并伴有中气旋;三体散射(TBSS)出现在中高层,TBSS出现10~15 min后地面出现大冰雹,TBSS消失后维持10~20 min的降雹。     

离岸型背景风和海陆风对珠江三角洲地区灰霾天气的影响

不同类型的背景场和海陆风对珠江三角洲地区大气灰霾有不同的影响。作者主要利用空气质量模式系统Models-3 (MM5/SMOKE/CMAQ)研究离岸型背景风和海陆风对珠江三角洲一次灰霾天气的影响, 结果表明, 中尺度气象模式MM5对珠江三角洲地区这次灰霾天气的气象模拟, 较好地模拟了风速和风向的变化。多尺度空气质量模式CMAQ模拟出了PM10浓度的变化, 与观测值比较一致。在这次灰霾天气过程中, 由于离岸型背景风与陆风风向一致, 在陆风维持的情况下, 内陆源区的PM10被输送到沿海地区, 导致沿海城市和海面上PM10浓度比较高; 而在海风维持的情况下, 海风与离岸型背景风方向相反, 造成海风较小, 致使整个珠江三角洲地区灰霾天气都比较严重。敏感性试验结果表明离岸背景风和海陆风的相互作用对灰霾天气的生成与分布有重大的影响。     

Effects of strong ground motion on the susceptibility of gully type debris flows

Typhoon Herb in 1996 caused widespread debris flows in central Taiwan. The 7.3 Chi-Chi earthquake on September 21, 1999, which also took place in central Taiwan, induced many landslides in the region. These landslides turned into debris flows when Typhoon Toraji struck Taiwan in 2001. This research selects three regions which suffered a ground motion class of 5, 6, and 7 on the Richter scale during the Chi-Chi earthquake as study areas. Air photos from 1997 and 2001 of these regions are used to map the gully-type debris flows that took place after Typhoons Herb and Toraji, respectively. The gullies adjacent to the debris flow, but without a trace of debris flows, are also mapped as the non-debris flow data. The topography, hydrogeology, and rainfall factors – where debris flow occurred and in which there was no occurrence of debris flows in these gullies were retrieved from DTM, geological maps, and iso-countour maps, and of rainfall through GIS processing. These characteristic are introduced into a probabilistic neural network to build a predicting model for the probability of the occurrence of debris flows. Three series of cross analyses are conducted to compare the probability of the occurrence of debris flows of the same dataset predicted by different prediction models. The results reveal that the susceptibility of debris flows was elevated after the Chi-Chi earthquake struck. The upsurge of susceptibility was more obvious for the regions that received a higher class of ground motion.     

Decoupling between the middle and upper crust during transpression-related lateral flow: Variscan evolution of the Aston gneiss dome (Pyrenees, France)

We present a structural, AMS, microstructural and kinematic study of the Aston gneiss dome (French Pyrenees), which consists of a core made up of orthogneiss and paragneiss intruded by numerous sills of Carboniferous peraluminous granite. The orthogneiss corresponds to a former Ordovician granitic laccolith. Four Variscan events have been evidenced in this gneiss dome: (i) D1 deformation observed only as relics in the orthogneisses and their country-rocks located above the sillimanite isograd, and characterized by a NS to NE–SW non coaxial stretch associated to top to the south motions (NS convergence); (ii) D2-a deformation observed in the orthogneisses and their country-rocks, mainly migmatitic paragneisses, located below the sillimanite isograd and in the peraluminous granites whatever their structural level, and characterized by an EW to N120°E stretch associated to a top to the east flat shearing (lateral flow in the hot middle crust in a transpressive regime); (iii) D2-b deformation characterized by EW-trending megafolds corresponding to the domes in the middle crust and by EW-trending tight folds with subvertical axial planes in the metasedimentary upper crust; (iv) subvertical medium-temperature mylonitic bands developed by the end of the transpression.The Aston massif is a good example of decoupling between a cold upper crust and a hotter middle crust overheated by a thermal event originated in the upper mantle. This decoupling allowed the lateral flow of the migmatitic middle crust along a direction at high angle with respect to the more or less NS-trending direction of convergence. We suggest that the HT-LP metamorphism developed before the formation of the domes during D2-a, coevally with the emplacement of numerous sills of peraluminous granite, whereas the emplacement of the large calc-alkaline plutons in the upper crust occurred by the end of D2-b. Our data invalidate the previous geodynamical models based on either early or late extensional regime to explain the development of the HT-LP metamorphism. This new interpretation of the dynamics of the Variscan crust of the Pyrenees is consistent with recent studies conducted in Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic hot continental crusts having undergone oblique convergence, and characterized by a competition between vertical thickening and lateral flow induced by the important rheological contrast between two thermally different levels.     

基于CLG光学流和波场分解的逆时偏移角度道集提取方法研究

角度域共成像点道集是衔接叠前地震数据与储层特征的重要桥梁,对地震偏移成像与储层描述具有重要意义.与克希霍夫偏移和单向波动方程偏移相比,逆时偏移是复杂地区最精确的成像方法.高效稳健地生成逆时偏移角度道集目前仍然是一个挑战.本文主要讨论如何采用光学流方法高效、高质量地提取角度道集.在逆时偏移波场外推过程中,光学流方法可以估计波场传播方向.其中Lucas-Kanade(LK)和Horn-Schunck(HS)方法是光学流方法中两种典型的方法.LK光学流方法是一种局部方法,该方法依赖于局部点的梯度值,但是容易出现奇异现象,HS光学流方法属于全局方法,波场方向估计依赖于整个波场,易受噪声影响,对异常值比较敏感,导致整体波场方向计算精度不高.本文提出采用局部和整体结合(Combining Local and Global,CLG)的光学流方法估计波场传播方向.该方法可以有效地提高波场方向的精度,并且简单高效,便于并行处理.对比HS光学流方法,CLG光学流方法几乎不增加额外的计算量.另外,为了弱化光学流方法无法处理波前重叠问题,本文利用解析波场和方向滤波对波场进行方向分解,仅需波场的空间傅里叶变换即可实现任意波场方向分解,将分解后的波场分别估计波场反向,提取成像结果.进一步地,在估计反射张角和方位角时,本文提出有效的归一化方法和改进的最小二乘除法,提高角度估计的精度和稳定性.最后,理论和实际资料例证了本文提出方法的有效性.