Spatio-temporal analysis of cropland change in the Guanzhong area,China, from 1650 to 2016

As one of the most critical impact factors of global change, historical land-use change is an indispensable input in climate and environment simulations. To better understand the cropland change in the Guanzhong area, gazetteers, statistics, and survey data were collected as data sources. Methods of registered tax-paying cropland data collection, selection of time points, and data interpolation and calibration were used to reconstruct changes in the cropland area. The cropland area data at the county level were allocated to 1 km×1 km grid cells. The total cropland area in the Guanzhong area was influenced by changes in population, wars, natural disasters, and land-use types, and it fluctuated from 1650 to 2016. From 1780 to 1830, the cropland expanded in the northern and western parts of Guanzhong area, and the cropland in the north of Qinling Mountains increased slightly. The spatial pattern of cropland reached its maximum range in 1980, and the cropland area declined in the whole study area, especially in the cities of Xi'an and Xianyang in 2016. The comparison between HYDE 3.2 and the data obtained in this study showed that the grid cells of HYDE 3.2 exhibit lower values of cropland area fractions in the Guanzhong Basin and higher values in high-altitude areas around the Guanzhong Basin as compared to those in this study.     

基于分层分区法的中国历史耕地数据的网格化重建

网格化历史耕地数据集能为历史时期耕地变化研究提供更精确的支持,并且为全球环境气候变化研究模型模拟提供驱动数据。本文综合考虑了中国历代土地利用开发的特点及自然人文因子对耕地的影响,设计了一套对中国耕地先分区再分层分配的网格化方法。基于国内3个主流区域耕地数据研究成果,采用上述方法建立了1820年（清仁宗嘉庆二十五年）和1936年（民国二十五年）中国10 km×10 km分辨率的耕地数据集,并绘制了分布图。本文还利用国内具有代表性的区域数据集对重建结果进行对比验证。结果表明,该方法可以保证耕地数量的权威性,并且建立具有区域性的高精度历史耕地数据集。     

北宋路域耕地面积重建及时空特征分析

基于垦田和户口史料及耕地分布影响因子的分析,本文建立了北宋册载垦田数据的订正方法以及路域耕地分布倾向模型和分配模型,重建了北宋4个时点的路域耕地面积。结果表明：① 北宋开宝九年（976年）、至道三年（997年）、治平三年（1066年）和元丰元年（1078年）的耕地总量分别为468.27×10⁶今亩、495.53×10⁶今亩、697.65×10⁶今亩和731.94×10⁶今亩,百年间耕地面积增加了约2.64亿今亩;垦殖率从开宝九年（976年）的10.8%,增加至元丰元年（1078年）的16.9%,提高了约6个百分点;而人均耕地面积由15.7今亩降至8.4今亩。② 从空间变化特征看,东南地区是北宋土地垦殖发展最快的地区,土地垦殖率增加了约12.0%,北宋中期长江中下游平原局部地区垦殖率高达40%;其次是北方地区,土地垦殖率增加了5.2%,北宋中期黄淮海平原的土地垦殖率也超过了20%;西南地区农业发展相对落后,区域土地垦殖率仅增加1.2%,除成都府路外,各路垦殖率均低于6%。③ 从评估结果看,本文所构建的路域耕地分配模型具有一定的可行性,相对误差绝对值小于20%的路域占总路数的84.2%,结果能较好地反映北宋时期路域耕地面积的时空变化特征。     

中国北方典型风沙区土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

研究区域尺度土壤碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）化学计量特征与分布格局对于认识陆地生态系统空间格局变化规律及其对全球变化与人类活动的响应具有重要意义。通过文献收集和野外调查,对中国北方典型风沙区表层土壤有机C、全N、全P化学计量特征及其沿经度和纬度的分布格局进行了研究。结果表明：（1）北方典型风沙区表层土壤有机C、全N、全P含量及C：N、C：P和N：P的平均值分别为12.2、1.2、0.8 g·kg^-1及10.1、15.7、1.63,与全国水平相比,具有较低的有机C含量、全N含量、C：P、N：P及较高的全P含量;（2）农田表层土壤有机C、全N、全P含量及C：P显著高于草地表层土壤,C：N和N：P在农田和草地之间无显著差异;（3）北方典型风沙区表层土壤有机C、全N、全P元素间具有一定的耦合关系,但这种耦合关系在草地和农田间存在差异性;（4）北方风沙区草地和农田土壤有机C、全N、全P化学计量特征随纬度的增加呈逐渐增加趋势,除草地全P含量和N：P外,其余指标均与纬度呈线性关系;草地和农田土壤有机C、全N、全P化学计量特征随经度的增加呈先减小后增加的趋势,与经度呈二阶多项式分布关系。     

基于混合式特征选择的高分五号影像农田识别

精准农田识别是农作物估产和粮食安全评估的基础。遥感数据作为农田识别的重要数据源,可提供动态、快速的监测结果。高光谱数据在农田识别分类方面具有巨大的应用潜力,但其中的冗余波段影响了分类效率和分类精度。因此,本研究提出了一种适用于高光谱数据农田分类的混合式特征选择算法。首先,基于变量的重要性排序或约束程度,按步长逐步进行降维;其次,寻找分类精度骤减的转折点,并将其对应的变量作为特征子集;最后,利用序列后向选择SBS（Sequential Backward Selection）方法搜索最优分类特征子集。本研究利用GF-5高光谱数据,共研究了3种降维方法（随机森林RF（Random Forest）、互信息MI（Multi-Information）和L1正则化（L1 regularization））和3种分类算法（随机森林、支持向量机SVM（Support Vector Machine）和K近邻KNN（K-Nearest Neighbor））的组合在农田分类中的表现。结果表明,基于L1正则化法得到的特征子集自相关性较低,并且包含的红边和近红外波段有效提高了农田、森林和裸土的区分度。在不同分类模型比较中发现,SVM在高维空间中表现出非常好的抗噪能力,分类精度高于RF和KNN。而RF在低维空间中的泛化能力要高于SVM和KNN。相比于第一步降维得到的特征子集,使用SBS搜索得到的最优特征子集均提高了分类精度。最终,具有23维输入的L1-SVM-SBS分类模型得到了最高的总体分类精度（94.64%）和农田召回率（95.83%）。本研究为高光谱数据特征优选提供了一种新思路,筛选出了更具代表性的特征波段,提高了农田分类精度,对高光谱遥感分类研究具有参考价值。     

Quantification of Canopy Conductance of the Agroecosystem in an Irrigated Oasis in Arid Regions of Northwest China and Its Application in Evapotranspiration Estimation

Canopy conductance (g_c) is a key regulating factor of carbon, water and heat exchange between vegetation and atmosphere. Reliable and reasonable g_c estimation is of great significance for quantifying evapotranspiration (ET) mass and energy exchange at terrestrial surface. Based on the Jarvis model, a canopy conductance model of agroecosystem in an irrigated oasis, located in arid regions of Northwestern China, was formulated by using the time-piecewise functions of the response of leaf stomatal conductance (g_s) to environmental factors and Leaf Area Index (LAI). The developed gc model was tested with the calculated results derived from the inversion of the Penman-Monteith (PM) equation, in combination with observations of environmental variables and ET measured by the Eddy Covariance (EC) method, suggesting that the developed g_c model can provide reasonable prediction. In order to further assess the performance of the developed gc model, we consequently calculated ET under the conditions that LAI was larger than three, indicating that the estimation was in good agreement with the observations from EC method. It should be noted that the scaling leaf stomatal conductance to canopy conductance needs to take into account shelter factor (f_s), and the corresponding function relation with LAI is obtained by fitting. These results from our present study will provide a useful approach to quantifying the g_c of agroecosystems under the well-watered conditions in arid climatic areas, and then can improve the performance of ET estimation, which have important implications for well understanding the controlling mechanisms of plant on energy exchange and ET, and even for local water resources management.     

Gridding cropland data reconstruction over the agricultural region of China in 1820

Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of LUCC change with climate and ecosystem simulation, but the result could only be determined precisely if a high-resolution underlying land cover map is used. While the efforts based satellites have provided a good baseline for present land cover, what the next advancement in the research about LUCC change required is the development of reconstruction of historical LUCC change, especially spatially-explicit historical dataset. Being different from other similar studies, this study is based on the analysis of historical land use patterns in the traditional cultivated region of China. Taking no account of the less important factors, altitude, slope and population patterns are selected as the major drivers of reclamation in ancient China, and used to design the HCGM (Historical Cropland Gridding Model, at a 60 km×60 km resolution), which is an empirical model for allocating the historical cropland inventory data spatially to grid cells in each political unit. Then we use this model to reconstruct cropland distribution of the study area in 1820, and verify the result by prefectural cropland data of 1820, which is from the historical documents. The statistical analyzing result shows that the model can simulate the patterns of the cropland distribution in the historical period in the traditional cultivated region efficiently.     

吉林省耕地变化对粮食生产的影响

1IntroductionThe quantity and quality of cropland guarantees the grain production (Feng, 2000), and the essence of cropland security is food security. Cropland security means the stability of total quantity of cropland, which also means stable quality, potential productivity and regional balance (Feng, 2000). With the development of urbanization and industrialization, more and more cropland is encroached, especially the cropland with great market-value (Cai, 2000; Ge, 2002; Richard, 2002), w…     

近10年来中国耕地资源的时空变化分析

根据中国资源环境数据库中的耕地数据以及20世纪80年代末期、1995年和2000年3期覆盖全国时间跨度约为10年的遥感数据,对中国耕地时空变化进行分析。总趋势表明,近10年来我国耕地资源总量有所增加;东部及沿海地区优质耕地迅速减少;东北地区和内蒙古自治区耕地大量开垦;水田旱地转换明显。利用GIS方法将耕地变化数据与中国生态环境质量数据进行叠加,表明近10年来耕地的生态环境质量下降了。近10年耕地动态变化的空间分布表现出13种动态格局。对80年代末至1995年 (前5年) 和1995年至2000年 (后5年) 这2个时间段内的耕地变化进行对比分析,表明了前5年与后5年耕地变化的动态格局有空间上的相似性,但前后变化幅度相差较明显。近10年来气温的升高与中国水田北移有较好的一致性,而降水的减少对西北地区耕地的撂荒和开垦有明显作用。中国经济的发展所导致的城市化过程使得大量耕地被占用。近10年来相关的耕地政策对控制耕地面积的减少有作用,但耕地的总体质量却下降了,这直接影响了粮食产量。     

新石器时代晚期华北地区耕地重建

全新世以来农业的起源使全球人类活动日益加剧,而新石器时代晚期（在中国大约距今7 ka—5 ka）农业发展正处于从刀耕火种向耒耜翻耕过渡阶段,由此被认为是人类活动改变自然植被的关键时期。中国华北地区丰富的考古遗迹记录了该时期人类活动的状况。基于已发现和挖掘的考古资料,运用考古学关联建模方法推算出新石器时代晚期华北地区各聚落遗址的人口规模与耕地面积,并在此基础上重建了耕地空间分布格局。结果显示：① 新石器时代晚期华北地区的人口规模至少为50.61×10 ⁴人。其中,河南地区人口最多,约为30.46×10 ⁴人,山东地区约13.72×10 ⁴人,河北地区约6.43×10 ⁴人。② 耕地面积至少约102.22×10 ⁴ hm2,约是现代耕地的4.6%,整个华北地区垦殖率达到1.99%。河南地区耕地面积最大,约为61.52×10 ⁴ hm2,垦殖率达3.68%;山东地区次之,约为27.72×10 ⁴ hm2,垦殖率为1.75%;河北地区最少,约为12.98×10 ⁴ hm2,垦殖率为0.69%。③ 遗址周围3 km范围内是个体聚落耕地的主要分布区,约占总耕地面积的83.43%。④ 在地形分布上,63.36%的耕地分布在低海拔的平原和台地,仅2.43%分布在海拔1000 m以上的地区。就耕地分布的坡度而言,81.55%的耕地分布在坡度小于2°的地区;16.61%的耕地介于2°~6°的缓坡地区;6°~15°的坡地地区仅占耕地的1.84%。