堰塞湖溃坝堆积物的粒度特征及其沉积环境——以雪隆囊古堰塞湖为例

金沙江上游新构造运动活跃,崩塌、滑坡、堰塞湖等地质灾害广泛发育,是古、今堰塞湖多发的地区.以金沙江上游雪隆囊大型古滑坡堰塞湖溃坝堆积物为例,对溃坝堆积物的粒度特征及其与沉积环境的关系进行了研究.并对雪隆囊滑坡堰塞湖溃坝堆积物的粒度进行了测试.结果表明：1）从溃坝堆积体的上段→中段→下段,粒度频率曲线分别为单峰、多峰、双峰,粒径有明显的细化趋势（粗→细）;2）溃坝堆积物的分选系数从上段→中段→下段依次减小,表明分选性逐渐变好;3）溃坝堆积物的粒度累积曲线上游段为两段式,中、下游段为三段式,水动力条件从上段→中段→下段依次减弱.以上这些特点综合反映了该研究区内水动力条件由溃坝堆积体上游到下游在逐渐减弱.     

冻融循环下膨胀土物理力学特性研究

处在季节性冻土区的膨胀土渠道极易受到冻融循环作用的影响,影响工程的稳定安全。为了探究冻融循环作用对膨胀土物理力学特性的影响,以南阳膨胀土为研究对象,开展了不同含水率条件下膨胀土试样的冻融循环试验,对经历不同冻融循环次数作用后的试样进行了变形测量、无侧限压缩试验和微细结构试验。结果表明,在冻融循环过程中含水率低的膨胀土体积变化规律表现为“冻缩融胀”,含水率高的膨胀土体积变化规律表现为“冻胀融缩”;冻融循环作用对膨胀土的应力应变曲线、强度和弹性模量有着显著的影响,尤其是第1次冻融循环作用;试样的含水率越高,膨胀土的力学参数受冻融循环作用的影响越大;试样的面孔隙度和孔隙定向度的变化规律与力学参数的大致呈负相关,说明冻融循环作用下土体内部微细结构的变化直接影响着膨胀土的力学性质。     

基于热力学并考虑体变及滞回效应的土-水特征曲线模型

基于热力学内变量理论,提出能综合考虑毛细滞回效应和非饱和土体积变形影响的土-水特征曲线模型。热力学第二定律推导结果表明：毛细滞回现象和塑性变形本质上是一种耗散行为;吸力和饱和度的变化不仅与流相变化直接相关,而且也受到固相体积变化的约束与影响;土-水特征曲线的流相体积变化与固相变形之间存在相互耦合作用。从微观上阐明滞回现象产生的机制以及变形对吸力的影响,建立了考虑体变及滞回效应的土-水特征曲线一般性模型。然后采用边界面塑性理论,在只增加两个新参数的情况下,建立了一个简化的能描述毛细滞回及塑性孔隙比变化影响的新模型。最后,利用已有试验数据对这一模型进行了验证,结果表明,新模型能考虑土体变形的影响,并能较为准确地描述毛细滞回现象,模型预测结果与已有的试验数据吻合较好。     

重庆市不同功能区建设用地碳排放的库兹涅茨曲线特征分析

文章对重庆市五大功能区1998-2013年的土地利用变更数据调查和能源消耗数据进行分析,运用库兹涅茨曲线模型研究了重庆市五大功能区16年间建设用地扩张与碳排放效应之间的内在关系。结果表明:（1）重庆市建设用地扩张与碳排放强度之间的回归模型关系呈倒U型库兹涅茨曲线关系,且拐点即将到来;（2）都市功能核心区、都市功能拓展区建设用地与碳排放强度之间的关系呈倒U型库兹涅茨曲线关系;（3）城市发展新区建设用地与碳排放强度之间的关系呈一次线性关系,显示出区域产业结构调整和土地利用集约水平的初级特征;（4）渝东北生态涵养区建设用地与碳排放强度之间呈正U型二次曲线关系,土地集约利用水平亟待提高。      

Dynamic microplasticity manifestation in consolidated sandstone in the acoustical frequency range

Microplasticity manifestations caused by acoustic wave in the frequency range of about 4.5 kHz–7.0 kHz are detected in consolidated artificial sandstone. Equipment was tested by means of comparison of data obtained for a standard material (aluminium) and sandstone. Microplasticity manifestations in acoustic records are present in the form of ladder‐like changes in the amplitude course. The stress plateaus in the acoustic trace interrupt the amplitude course, transform the wavefront, and shift the arrival time along the time axis. Microplasticity contribution to the acoustic record changes with the increase in the strain amplitude value. The combined elastic–microplastic process conditions the wavefront steepness and its duration. Stress plateaus exert influence on the waveform and, accordingly, on pulse frequency response. These results confirm the earlier data obtained for weakly consolidated rock. This contribution to wave propagation physics can be useful in solving applied problems in material science, seismic prospecting, diagnostics, etc.     

Verification of system identification utilizing shaking table tests of a full‐scale 4‐story steel building

This paper verifies the feasibility of the proposed system identification methods by utilizing shaking table tests of a full‐scale four‐story steel building at E‐Defense in Japan. The natural frequencies, damping ratios and modal shapes are evaluated by single‐input‐four‐output ARX models. These modal parameters are prepared to identify the mass, damping and stiffness matrices when the objective structure is modelled as a four degrees of freedom (4DOF) linear shear building in each horizontal direction. The nonlinearity in stiffness is expressed as a Bouc–Wen hysteretic system when it is modelled as a 4DOF nonlinear shear building. The identified hysteretic curves of all stories are compared to the corresponding experimental results. The simple damage detection is implemented using single‐input‐single‐output ARX models, which require only two measurements in each horizontal direction. The modal parameters are equivalent‐linearly evaluated by the recursive Least Squares Method with a forgetting factor. When the structure is damaged, its natural frequencies decrease, and the corresponding damping ratios increase. The fluctuation of the identified modal properties is the indirect information for damage detection of the structure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Decadal trends and causes of sedimentation in the Inner Mongolia reach of the upper Yellow River,China

Using hydrological and sediment data, this study investigated decadal trends in sediment erosion/deposition in the Inner Mongolia reach of the upper Yellow River. The calculated yearly sediment erosion/deposition show that the reach was dominated by aggradation, degradation, and aggradation successively in three periods with the years around 1961 and 1987 as break‐points. By constructing relations between water discharge and sediment load, the contributions of key factors to the changes in sediment erosion/deposition in the reach were quantified. Results show that the sediment retention behind the main stem dams, the increase of natural runoff, and the decrease of sediment inputs from tributaries and upstream watershed were the main factors causing the transition from aggradation during 1955–1961 to degradation during 1962–1987. The reduction of natural runoff, the decrease of sediment retention behind dams, and the rise of sediment supply from tributaries were the key causes of the reversal from degradation in 1962–1987 to aggradation in 1988–2003. Water diversion has played an important role in the long‐term aggradation of the Inner Mongolia reach. The main stem dams had functioned to alleviate siltation after 1961, but their effects on siltation reduction had been gradually diminishing since the 1990s. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土中水分迁移规律现场试验研究

黄土地区降雨诱发滑坡是不争的事实,但黄土地区地下水位很深,降雨入渗地面后如何运移,与地下水有无直接联系,目前还不是很清楚。为此设计了人工滴水试验模拟天然降雨条件,通过在一深度为10 m的探井井壁上埋设土壤水分计,观测人工滴水入渗过程中不同深度土体含水率随时间的变化情况,以确定其入渗影响深度。监测结果显示：降雨量为3.82 mm/d (小雨)时,0.5 m内土体含水率变化明显,0.5 m以下土层含水率几乎没有变化;降雨量为10.31 mm/d(中雨)时,1 m内土体含水率有所增加;降雨量达25.21 mm/d(大雨)时,1 m内土体含水率增长明显,1.0～1.6 m范围内有微弱增长;随着深度增加,土体含水率变化逐渐滞后,增幅逐渐减小。这说明在干旱的黄土地区,若无明显入水通道,短期内降雨的入渗深度有限,很难到达地下水位;但深部古土壤层的观测结果表明,即使在其上部黄土中含水率变化极其微弱的情况下,古土壤中的含水率上升明显,表明黄土中非饱和渗流或水汽迁移是存在的。通过试验还表明,陇东黄土高原地区土壤中水分循环主要发生在浅层0.7 m以内的蒸发带。降雨入渗到蒸发带以内,若无后续降雨补给,则向上蒸发排泄;若入渗至蒸发带以下,则不受蒸发影响,得以继续向下迁移;当遇到不透水面时,会在层面附近富集,有限元模拟也较好地反映了这一规律。     

一种微结构颗粒体分布特征的分析方法

在扫描电镜法（SEM）图像二值化基础上,建立了以颗粒体面积为变量的面积累计曲线表示方法,进而建立了该曲线的曲率系数和颗粒体面积分布特点的不均匀系数。基于瓜州砂质粉土和天津黏土的SEM图像,分析了不同面积比对应的颗粒体特征。研究表明,砂质粉土和黏土的颗粒体面积累计曲线、曲率系数和不均匀系数具有明显的差异性。砂质粉土的颗粒体面积累计曲线是一条平滑的曲线,表现为不良级配土的粒径分布特点;而黏土的颗粒体面积累计曲线具有明显的台阶,表现为某粒组缺失的粒径分布特点。另外,砂质粉土的颗粒体面积累计曲线曲率系数和不均匀系数均明显大于黏土的对应系数。该分析方法可以用来量化不同土的SEM照片之间的差异,从而为岩土微结构的定量化研究提供了一条新的思路。     

低强度模拟锚固材料抗弯荷载-位移全过程曲线试验研究

在大比例尺的地质力学模型中,由于相似模型材料的脆性和低强度,很难测得其抗弯应力-应变或者荷载-位移全过程曲线。对抗弯试验的过程进行力学分析,通过对增加辅助弹性元件方案的假设推导得到弹性元件刚度设计原则。依据该设计原则,组装出一台试验原理样机,测到不同节理（均质、层状和块状）含不同角度锚杆的试件的抗弯荷载-位移全过程曲线。此外,由于相似材料的低强度重度大特性,试验中适当考虑试件的自重对实验结果的影响。试验研究表明,弹性元件的增加对抗弯荷载-位移全过程曲线下降段有着质的改善;当弹性元件与台架的复合刚度大于试件的最大刚度,即可测得抗弯荷载-位移全过程曲线;在抗弯试验中试件自重荷载可以等效为集中力荷载,对于550 mm的标准试件其等效荷载相当于其自身重力1/2的集中荷载,相当于试验中均质试件峰值荷载的9%。