Plio-Quaternary paleostresses in the Atlantic passive margin of the Moroccan Meseta: Influence of the Central Rif escape tectonics related to Eurasian-African plate convergence

The Atlantic Moroccan Meseta margin is affected by far field recent tectonic stresses. The basement belongs to the variscan orogen and was deformed by hercynian folding and metamorphism followed by a post-Permian erosional stage, producing the flat paleorelief of the region. Tabular Mesozoic and Mio-Plio-Quaternary deposits locally cover the Meseta, which has undergone recent uplift, while north of Rabat the subsidence continues in the Gharb basin, constituting the foreland basin of the Rif Cordillera.The Plio-Quaternary sedimentary cover of the Moroccan Meseta, mainly formed by aeolian and marine terraces deposits, is affected by brittle deformations (joints and small-scale faults) that evidence that this region – considered up to date as stable – is affected by the far field stresses. Striated faults are recognized in the oldest Plio-Quaternary deposits and show strike-slip and normal kinematics, while joints affect up to the most recent sediments.Paleostress may be sorted into extensional, only affecting Rabat sector, and three main compressive groups deforming whole the region: (1) ENE–WSW to ESE–WNW compression; (2) NNW–SSE to NE–SW compression and (3) NNE–SSW compression. These stresses can be attributed mainly to the NW–SE oriented Eurasian-African plate convergence in the western Mediterranean and the escape toward the SW of the Rif Cordillera. Local paleostress deviations may be related to basement fault reactivation. These new results reveal the tectonic instability during Plio-Quaternary of the Moroccan Meseta margin in contrast to the standard passive margins, generally considered stable.     

The Yanshanian Orogeny and Two Kinds of Yanshanides in Eastern-Central China

The Tan-Lu Fault was once a transform fault in the Paleotethys, west of which was the Qinling-Dabie Ocean separating the Yangtze Craton from the North China Craton, and east of which was the Su-Lu Ocean separating the Su-Wan Block from the Jiao-Liao Craton. The Qinling-Dabie Ocean closed in the Indosinian orogeny, which created the China-Southeast Asia Subcontinent, with the Tan-Lu Fault becoming a marginal shear zone along the newly-formed amalgamated subcontinent. The Su-Lu Ocean subducted partly in the Indosinian.orogeny, but not closed. In the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, the Su-Wan Block drifted northwards with subduction of the Su-Lu Ocean and moved westwards to converge the subcontinent by sinistral sheafing of the ENE-striking fractures. The Su-Lu Ocean finally closed and the Su-Wan Block collided with the Jiao-Liao Craton in the Early Cretaceous, which constituted a part of the magnificent interplate Yanshanides. The interplate orogeny rejuvenated the fossil sutures and deep fractures, as well as the Indosinian orogen, and the intraplate （intracontinental） Yanshanian orogeny occurred in the subcontinent. The East Asia Yanshanides, consisting of the interplate orogens in the outer side and the intraplate orogens in the inner side, collapsed quickly in the latest Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous. The eastern China area entered a tensile period from the Eogene, and the tectonic differentiation between the central and eastern China areas since the Jurassic was further strengthened.     

青藏高原冈底斯带南部的紫苏花岗岩：安第斯型造山作用的证据

青藏高原南部白垩纪形成的冈底斯岩基是新特提斯大洋岩石圈向北部的欧亚大陆之下俯冲形成的安第斯型会聚板块边缘的重要组成部分。已经有研究证明,冈底斯岩基主要由钙碱性和埃达克质的花岗闪长岩组成,但本文报道了在冈底斯带东南缘产出的紫苏花岗岩。这种岩石主要由中长石、微斜长石、顽火辉石、透辉石、石英、富钛的黑云母和角闪石组成。在化学成分上,其铁镁指数FeO/（FeO+MgO）=0.47~0.50,钙碱指数MALI为-3.97~+0.11, 铝饱和指数ASI为0.83~0.92,是典型的镁质、钙碱性、准铝质紫苏花岗岩。计算出的结晶温度为850~950℃,压力>0.4GPa,形成深度为13~15km。紫苏花岗岩中的锆石为岩浆结晶成因,两个样品的U-Pb定年分别给出了87Ma的相同加权平均年龄。岩石学和地球化学特征表明,冈底斯带南缘晚白垩纪的紫苏花岗岩形成在典型的大陆岩浆弧环境。紫苏花岗岩和伴生高温麻粒岩的存在为冈底斯带在晚中生代经历的安第斯型造山作用提供了更加确凿的证据。     

西昆仑-塔西南坳陷晚古生代以来的沉积构造演化

自柯克亚深层油气勘探取得突破以来,塔西南坳陷一直受到各类地质学家的广泛关注,有关该盆地的形成和演化历史及其油气资源评价近年来更是成为人们的研究热点.本文在总结前人资料的基础上,探讨塔西南和西昆仑地区自晚古生代以来所经历的构造及沉积格架的演变过程,对塔西南坳陷性质及其演化阶段划分所存在的争议进行了归纳,分析了塔西南-西昆仑这一盆山体系形成和演化中的构造变形和沉积记录.总体来说,根据现有沉积和构造变形资料,中生代之前西昆仑和塔西南坳陷分别处于同一构造背景下的不同沉积单元;二者之间盆山体系的形成主要自晚侏罗世-早白垩世,中-上新世是造盆造山作用机制发生重大转折的时期,或者说早更新世末的构造运动基本上奠定了西昆仑.塔里木盆地南缘现今的盆-山构造格架.     

河南土门萤石脉型钼矿床流体包裹体研究及成因探讨

河南方城土门萤石脉型钼矿床位于栾川断裂北侧的华熊地块东南部.矿体呈断续的脉状、似层状、透镜状产于花岗斑岩外接触带,赋矿构造为大理岩与片岩之间的层间断层.矿石主要由萤石、硫化物和碳酸盐等矿物组成.矿脉穿插关系、矿石组构和矿物组合显示了4阶段矿化:分别以白色萤石(Ⅰ阶段)、紫色萤石-辉钼矿(Ⅱ阶段)、辉钼矿多金属硫化物(Ⅲ阶段)以及碳酸盐(Ⅳ阶段)为标志.各阶段萤石中流体包裹体可分为4类:NaCl-H_2O型(W类)、CO_2-H_2O-NaCl型(C类)、纯CO_2型(PC类)及含子晶包裹体(S类).冷热台测试显示,Ⅰ阶段均一温度为300～420℃,峰值为360～410℃,Ⅱ阶段均一温度180～380℃,峰值为220～300℃;Ⅰ阶段流体盐度高达49.68 wt% NaCl eqv.,Ⅱ阶段则不高于13.07 wt%NaCl eqv..从早到晚,W类包裹体平均密度由0.88g/cm~3减小到0.84g/cm~3,C类包裹体CO_2的平均密度由0.66g/cm~3增高到0.82g/cm~3.总体来说,土门萤石-钼矿床形成于中高温、高盐度、富CO_2和F的流体系统,成因上归属于大陆背景的浆控脉状热液成矿系统.     

Two-stage collision-related extrusion of the western Dabie HP–UHP metamorphic terranes, central China: Evidence from quartz c-axis fabrics and structures

The western Dabie orogen (also known as the Hong'an block) forms the western part of the Dabie–Sulu HP–UHP belt, central China. Rocks of this orogen have been subjected to pervasive ductile deformation, and include numerous quartz schists and felsic mylonites cropping out in ductile shear zones. Quartz textures in these mylonites contain important clues for understanding the movement sense of late-collisional extrusion and exhumation of high-pressure–ultrahigh-pressure (HP–UHP) rocks from the lower crustal level to the upper crustal level during Middle Triassic and Early Jurassic. The orientation and distribution of quartz crystallographic axes were used to confirm the regional shear sense across the orogen. The asymmetry of c-axis patterns consistently indicates top-to-the-southeast thrusting across the orogen in early structural stages. Later stages of deformation show different senses of movement in northern and southern parts of the orogen, with top-to-the-northwest sinistral shearing recorded in rocks north of the Xinxian HP–UHP eclogite-facies belt, and top-to-the-southeast dextral shearing south of the same unit.Based on our study on quartz c-axis fabrics and marco- to micro-scale structures, simultaneous southeastward shearing within a large part of the orogen and normal faulting north of the Xinxian HP–UHP unit is explained by upward extrusion in early stages of deformation. The extrusion process has been attributed to syn- and late-collisional processes, accounting for some earlier deformation in the western Dabie orogen such as metamorphic sequences around the core of the Xinxian HP–UHP eclogite-facies unit. Much higher pressure of deformation is also indicated in the aligned glaucophane and omphacite from blueschist and eclogite in the field. An orogen-parallel eastward extrusion of the Xinxian HP–UHP eclogite-facies unit, however, occurred diachronously in later stages of deformation. Therefore, a tectonic model combining an early upward extrusion with a later eastward extrusion is presented. Two different stages and types of extrusion for exhumation of HP–UHP rocks are suitable to all of east central China. Geochronological data shows that the first, upward extrusion occurred during Middle Triassic, the second, eastward extrusion occurred during Late Triassic to Early Jurassic. These two extrusions are correlative with two stages of rapid exhumation of the Dabie HP–UHP rocks, respectively. These two-stage late-collisional (Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic) extrusion events bridge the gap between syn-collisional (Early to Middle Triassic) vertical extrusion and post-collisional (Cretaceous) eastward-directed lateral escape and provide vital clues to understanding the more detailed processes of exhumation of HP–UHP rocks.     

桐柏造山带古元古代变质基性岩的锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

桐柏造山带位于秦岭和大别造山带之间,其北侧对应于北秦岭中高级变质杂岩,南侧对应于大别山高压/超高压变质杂岩.锆石U-Pb定年在一个榴辉岩中获得其原岩侵位年龄和锆石重结晶或生长年龄分别为(1961±23) Ma和(1949±51) Ma,在一个石榴角闪岩(退变榴辉岩？)中获得其变质年龄为(1936±26) Ma,表明这两种基性岩石在二叠-三叠纪高压变质之前经历了古元古代变质作用的影响.由桐柏—大别—苏鲁造山带可利用的年代学资料确定,扬子陆块北缘发育的古元古代构造热事件可分为两幕,第一幕发生在约1.97～1.93 Ga,可能与Columbia超大陆的聚合有关;第二幕发生在约1.85～1.82 Ga,或者代表Columbia超大陆汇聚的继续,或者是陆块边缘增生过程的结果.     

江南古陆中段沧水铺群锆石U-Pb年龄和构造演化意义

江南古陆中段湖南益阳地区沧水铺群发育在冷家溪群和板溪群之间,其在地层柱中的位置一直是中国地质学家解疑江南造山带何时启动的关键层位。笔者在沧水铺群中的火山集块岩中获得锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄(821±13)Ma,再次验证了沧水铺群中的火山岩是820 Ma武陵运动之前的火山事件的产物,与武陵运动的启动有关,也说明该期火山岩与冷家溪群中大量的火山凝灰岩为同一构造运动的产物。     

南天山南缘下二叠统玄武质岩浆的地球化学特征及其构造意义

南天山造山带南缘发育大量的下二叠统火山岩。地球化学指标显示南天山南缘西段拜城县宿相厄肯沟出露的下二叠统小提坎立克组玄武岩为拉斑玄武岩(里特曼指数δ=2.93)。 该套岩石低FeO^T、MgO和全碱(Na₂O+K₂O),高CaO和Al₂O₃,相对高钠,低钾; Rb、K、U和Ba 等大离子亲石元素富集; 稀土配分曲线整体协调一致,为向右缓倾的曲线,轻稀土元素(LREE)相对富集; 微量元素配分型式呈"驼峰状"; 玄武岩的母岩浆经历了以单斜辉石为主的分离结晶作用和强烈的陆壳混染作用。同位素组成 ¹⁴³ Nd/¹⁴⁴ Nd =0.512 849±0.000 005, ⁸⁷ Sr/⁸⁶ Sr =0.706 845±0.000 014; -10<ε_Nd(t)<0,且ε_Sr(t)>0,模式年龄T_DM 为1.463 279 765 Ga。 结合区域地质资料表明,小提坎立克组玄武岩形成于板内伸展环境,具有主动裂谷作用性质,说明南天山造山带南缘当时处于碰撞后伸展背景。     

西秦岭楔的构造属性及其增生造山过程

西秦岭楔是叠置于早古生代造山作用基础上形成的并插入祁连和昆仑早古生代造山带内部的楔形地质体,以大面积出露三叠系并发育多条蛇绿混杂岩带、大型韧性剪切带、中生代火山-岩浆作用和斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床为典型特征,具有增生造山作用的典型特征。这些蛇绿混杂岩带和岛弧钙碱性火山-岩浆岩的形成时代均具有向南逐渐变年轻的空间演化特征,显示了特提斯洋演化过程中海沟具有向南撤退的基本特征。砂岩碎屑组成以及源区特征研究结果表明,西秦岭楔三叠系形成于活动大陆边缘,其碎屑沉积物来自于古特提斯洋北侧的增生杂岩及岛弧。丰富的岛弧钙碱性火山-岩浆岩和沉积组合以及赋存的斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床,均与东昆仑及南秦岭相一致,呈现出相似的岩石组合类型以及岩石地球化学和同位素地球化学特征。这些事实表明,三叠纪时期,东昆仑、西秦岭以及祁连造山带是一个有机整体,自西向东存在一条三叠纪增生岩浆弧。锆石Hf同位素及岩石地球化学成分结果则表明,该增生岩浆弧部分岩浆来自于俯冲增生杂岩的部分熔融。