Kinematical and Structural Patterns of the Yingjing-Mabian- Yanjin Thrust Fault Zone, Southeast of the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibet） Plateau and Its Segmentation from Earthquakes

INTRODUCTIONThe Yingjing-Mabian-Yanjinthrust fault zone lies on the southeastern margin of Tibet .It startsfromthe south of Tianquaninthe north,and it extends southwards through Yingjing, Emei , Ebian,Mabian,Lidian to the north of Yanjin of Yunnan, with a total length of 275 km. The fault zoneintersects withthe southernsegment of the Longmengshanthrust fault zone onits northernsegment andborders the Huayingshan-Lianfengfault zone onits southernsegment .It is a 30 km-wide NW-trendin…     

岷江上游茂县退化生态系统及人工恢复植被地上生物量及净初级生产力

测定了岷江上游四川茂县退化灌丛和退化草丛及5种人工恢复植被(连香树林、油松林、华山松林、日本落叶林和云南松林)的地上生物量和生产力。灌、草丛生物量生产力采用样方收获法测定,人工林采用生物量回归模型和生产力方程。地上生物量与胸径关系模型的相关性都达到极显著。退化灌丛和草丛的生物量分别为51 06t/hm2和5 76t/hm2,5种人工林的地上生物量在75 8～150 55t/hm2,地上生产力在10 36～18 17t/hm2·a-1。人工恢复植被比退化植被的生物量增加,生产力显著提高。5种恢复模式中云南松、华山松和日本落叶松在当地显示了良好的生长特性,适合在当地退化生态系统恢复中推广。     

1984～2000年印度洋与中国地区上空对流层中上层及平流层气溶胶变化和输送特征

利用美国SAGE II (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II)卫星最新版（6.0版）1.020 μm通道逐日气溶胶消光系数资料，得出了对流层中上层及平流层（10 km以上高度）气溶胶光学厚度的平均分布和变化特征。结果表明:气溶胶光学厚度在低纬度大，在印度洋的岛屿上空有三个高值中心，气溶胶光学厚度高值中心与对流层中上层的上升气流的高值中心相对应。与17年(1984～2000年)年平均相比，近6年（1995～2000年）孟加拉湾至青藏高原东南部上空气溶胶光学厚度明显增加；中国东部地区上空气溶胶光学厚度增加，中西部地区则减小。气溶胶光学厚度存在三个经向的增加带和两个经向的减小带。中纬度与赤道之间的布鲁尔-多普森环流（Brewer-Dobson Circulation）带来的低层大气与对流层中上层及平流层之间的气溶胶输送是导致气溶胶这种经向一致变化的主要因素。气溶胶的这种输送产生的近地面大气污染物向中上层大气输送有可能产生重要的气候变化。     

Two types of longitudinal dune fields and possible mechanisms for their development

Longitudinal dune fields characterized by nearly uniform interdune spacing are distinguished from longitudinal dune fields characterized by fairly variable interdune spacing and high frequencies of dune coalescence. The empirical and theoretical evidence indicating that the former may be due to helical air currents aligned with the dunes is reviewed. Hypotheses arguing that the latter may arise indirectly from horizontal pressure gradients or bidirectional wind regimes are discussed. Evenly spaced linear sand banks aligned with tidal currents may be shown mathematically to result from energy optimalization within two-dimensional, sand-transporting flow regimes, and a similar simple or non-rotational flow model is considered for the problem of desert longitudinal dunes. An initial complex or rotational flow analysis is undertaken to discern the likely significance of roll vortices in desert sediment transport. An ‘evolutionary timescale’ is estimated for the formation of desert longitudinal dune fields. A simple analysis is performed for the effect of regional sand mass change on longitudinal dune field ordering. Recommendations are made for future empirical and theoretical research.     

Effects of tectonics and lithology on long profiles of 16 rivers of the southern Central Massif border between the Aude and the Orb (France)

The analysis of longitudinal profiles of river channels and terraces in the southern Central Massif border, between the Aude and the Orb, allows the detection of anomalies caused by lithology and/or tectonic distortions. The rivers which have abnormally high slope and non-lithological knickzones indicate the main uplifted zones: the Montagne Noire and the Saint-Chinian ridge. A geomorphological and sedimentological analysis of detrital deposits was carried out as a basis for correlating the different formations, reconstructing the palaeodrainage and finding the main uplift and fluvial incision stages. During the Miocene, uplift remains limited as it is shown by the correlative fine deposits in the Languedocian piedmont. The Messinian incision (5.7–5.3 Ma) does not cross the Saint-Chinian ridge. On the other hand, fluvial incision becomes widespread in the Montagne Noire during the Upper Pliocene (3.4–2 Ma) when coarse deposits overlie either the Pliocene clay in the Orb palaeovalley or the Messinian conglomerates at the Cesse outlet. An Upper Pliocene uplift of the Montagne Noire and of the Saint-Chinian ridge is the cause of this incision and also of the diversion of the Cesse towards the Aude. Where the uplift rate was higher than incision rate, knickzones have developed like in the Avant-Monts south-side. The knickzones of lithological origin maintain a strong vertical stability during all the river incision stages. On the other hand, those of tectonic origin or base level lowering record upstream migration and their rate of retreat is controlled by the river discharge. As incision occurs only during the cold/temperate transition periods during the Quaternary, upward erosion slowly migrates (15 km since the Upper Pliocene, on the Orb) and so does not reach the riverheads.     

Experimentally-based investigation of effects of wave interference on the wave resistance of asymmetric di-hulls

Significant reduction of steady-state resistance of a di-hull system with certain hull configurations (relative stagger and separation between the hulls) occurs because of interference effects between the two sets of ship-generated waves. The far-field wave interference and the resulting wave-resistance reduction of an asymmetric di-hull system, consisting of two distinct Series 60 hull models with various hull configurations are studied. The initial search for optimal configurations of the maximum prospective resistance reduction is conducted by an existing di-hull thin-ship computation. These theoretical results are then compared to the ones acquired by towing-tank measurements and those given by a semi-experimental approach. The latter approach obtains the wave resistance by combining experimental “wave-cut” data and analytical expressions developed for such a di-hull system. Experimental uncertainties are briefly discussed. Results of this study show that a considerable amount of wave-resistance reduction is indeed possible for the investigated hull configurations. However, beyond the far-field interference of the waves, near-field interactions of the two hulls are found to have non-negligible influence on the total resistance performance of the di-hull system.     

Significance of pollen and spores distribution to the barrier function of the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region, Southwest China

35 surface soil samples and 28 profile soil samples were collected in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region, Southwest China. The distribution of pollen and spores and their relationship with the environment are analyzed. The results show that there are significant differences in pollen and spores taxa, amounts, dominant taxa and florae between the eastern and western flanks of the Ailao Mountain. There are more pollen and spores taxa, a greater amount and complexity on the western flank of the mountain than those on the eastern flank, while the dominant taxa are more centralized and prominent on the eastern flank of the Ailao Mountain. As for the plant florae distribution, there are significant differences in the number of taxa and composition between the eastern and the western flanks. The analysis of profile pollen and spores assemblage shows that its trends of variation are basically in accordance with the surface pollen and spores, which are also indicators of the environmental differences between the two flanks of the mountain. These significant spatial differences of pollen and spores are very close to the regional topography and climate difference. The mountain running perpendicular to the moisture-laden air flow serves as a barrier and the monsoon circulations the east and the west of the mountain result in different energy-moisture characteristics. We conclude that the main patterns of the pollen and spores can be attributed to the environmental differences.     

云南纵向岭谷区土地利用的侵蚀环境效应——以黑惠江、龙川江、盘龙河流域为例

土地利用直接改变土壤侵蚀的方式和强度,具有突出的侵蚀环境效应.以黑惠江、龙川江、盘龙河流域为例,探讨了云南纵向岭谷区土壤侵蚀对土地利用的响应关系.研究表明,本区土地利用类型的内部转化和相互转化引起土壤侵蚀程度的明显变化;耕地向林地、草地的转化使侵蚀强度指数显著降低;林地向耕地、草地转化,均显著增加侵蚀强度指数;耕地、林地、草地的内部转化对土壤侵蚀也有少量影响.另外,以土地利用为主的人类活动明显影响河流悬移质含量,林地面积提高和土壤侵蚀减弱的区域,年输沙量也相应减少,相反则增加.     

三峡库区巴东组地层的发育特征及其空间变化规律

根据大量的野外实际观察、室内岩石标本的薄片鉴定及化学成分分析结果,作者详细论述了三峡库区巴东组地层(T2b)的发育特征及其空间变化的规律性。巴东组地层在秭归、巴东、巫山、奉节等4个地区的总厚度最小约为830m,最大约为1420m,自东而西地层总厚度具有逐渐增大的趋势。红色与灰色是巴东组地层的两大基本色调,红色系列的岩层(第二、四段),多见为碎屑或砂泥质岩类,而灰色系列的岩层(第一、三、五段),多见为碳酸盐岩类。由其发育特征可知,巴东组为典型的易滑岩组。     

Characterisation and Simulation of the Multiscaling Properties of the Energy-Containing Scales of Horizontal Surface-Layer Winds

The multiscaling statistics of atmospheric surface-layer winds at low wavenumbers above farmland and in the lee of a mountain range were examined using a hot-wire and lightweight cup anemometer. It was found that the horizontal velocity spectra could be broken into high and low-wavenumber regimes according to the parameters given by this analysis. The low-wavenumber end of the spectrum possessed a spectral slope parameter that varied between values of 0.8 and 1.35 at the farmland site during the period of the experiment, and the high-wavenumber end – corresponding to the inertial range – possessed a spectral slope slightly greater than -5/3. The larger values for this parameter for the low-wavenumber end appeared to coincide with unstable conditions. In the lee of the mountain range, the low-wavenumber spectral slope parameter was larger still, at 1.45. The low-wavenumber signals over farmland were much less intermittent than inertial-range signals, but in the lee of the mountain range the intermittency increased. From this analysis, it was shown that the statistical properties of the recorded wind signal could be reproduced using a bounded random multiplicative cascade. The model was successfully used to simulate the wind velocity field directly, rather than simulating the energy dissipation field. Since the spectral slope parameter for low wavenumbers appeared to be a function of atmospheric stability, the method presented is a simple way of generating wind signals characteristic of a variety of atmospheric conditions.