地貌发育的趋向与变异

事物发展,既有趋向,又有变异。趋向是事物长期发展的总方向,变异则是发展长途中出现的曲折和反复,是在某一具体时段内偏离长期发展趋势的情况。认识地貌景观发生、发展直至更新的总趋向,把握过程的阶段性,才能预期过程未来的进程,加以因势利     

Progressive changes in the morphology of fluvial terraces and scarps along the Rappahannock River,Virginia

Progressive geomorphic changes in the flight of fluvial terraces along the Rappahannock River, Virginia, provide a framework for analysing the effect of time on landforms. The oldest terrace is probably no younger than early Quaternary, and the youngest major fill terrace probably correlates with the high sea level of the last major interglacial. A uranium-series date of 187,000 yr has been obtained on coral from marine sediments related to this terrace. Indices of terrace preservation, especially drainage densities and area to perimeter ratios, show systematic changes with terrace age. Hence, these variables appear to satisfactorily indicate relative age, and could perhaps be used to estimate actual ages if suitably calibrated. The morphology of scarps formed by entrenchment of the fluvial terraces is more variable than analogous morphology of fault scarps and wave-cut bluffs. However, measurements of the fluvial scarps clearly indicate that for a given terrace age, higher scarps tend to have steeper slopes, and that for a given scarp height, older scarps tend to have gentler slopes. The terrace forms themselves are preserved for at least several million years. Depositional features such as bars and channels with l–3m of relief are preserved on terraces on the order of 10⁵ yr old. Scarps related to the formation of terraces of this age are well preserved and have slopes of about 6–8 degrees where the scarp height is about 5 m. The preservation of fluvial landforms and scarps suggests that, if fault scarps comparable to these features were commonly formed by earthquakes in low relief areas of the eastern United States, many should be recognizable.     

老挝万象钾盐矿床盐背斜成因与判别标识初步研究

识别盐构造对于研究盐体改造作用、钾盐成矿预测以及钾盐矿山的安全开采利用等方面具有重要作用。本文以老挝万象钾盐矿区为主要研究对象,分析了区域盐背斜成因并尝试构建识别标志。研究表明,重力异常分布可以指示和圈定盐背斜构造位置和分布特征,研究区盐背斜的形成与古河道切割具有密切的成因联系,盐背斜构造在地形地貌上具有明显的响应特征。上述研究结果对于深入认识该区域钾盐矿床的成因与后期改造作用过程具有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地高桥构造平缓地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶古地貌特征与储层分布

鄂尔多斯盆地高桥地区构造平缓,奥陶系顶部碳酸盐岩岩溶古地貌以岩溶潜台发育,而岩溶高地和岩溶斜坡发育局限为特征,岩溶斜坡区和岩溶潜台的东部沟槽区为储层发育区。本文综合利用大量岩心、薄片资料观察、物性实验数据和钻井、测井、地震等资料对高桥地区马家沟组顶的古岩溶识别标志进行了分析,恢复了岩溶古地貌,对岩溶古地貌类型(单元)进行了划分并分析其与储层的关系。高桥地区地层学标志,岩石学标志,矿物学标志,古岩溶发育的形迹说明奥陶系马家沟顶存在沉积间断、古岩溶作用已经是不容置疑的事实;按古风化壳出露层位,结合地震相追踪成果,落实沟槽分布,编制该区前石炭纪古地质图,运用古地质图法、印模法和残厚法恢复高桥岩溶古地貌,编制出岩溶古地貌图。根据岩溶古地貌,按岩溶单元划分为岩溶高地、岩溶斜坡和岩溶潜台三个二级地貌(类型)单元,岩溶高地可进一步分为岩溶台地、溶洼(洼地)2种三级微地貌类型。岩溶潜台进一步可划分为岩溶台地、溶洼、溶丘(残丘)、沟槽4种三级微地貌类型。高桥处于构造平缓地区,岩溶高地、岩溶斜坡区发育局限,大范围为岩溶潜台区且潜台区东侧沟槽(主沟槽、次沟槽)比较发育。岩溶高地整体储集性较东部岩溶斜坡区及岩溶潜台区差。岩溶斜坡区发育两套岩溶系统,储层条件相对较好,成藏要素配套较好,是下一步勘探开发的有利区域之一。岩溶潜台区总体岩溶作用减弱,储层发育程度变弱,东部沟槽区,因沟槽的存在,加强了垂向岩溶作用深度,间接增加侧向溶蚀作用,岩溶作用变好,储层发育程度增加,加上裂缝的影响,可以形成相对较好的储层。     

关于丹霞地貌概念和分类的探讨

现代丹霞地貌研究始于20世纪二、三十年代,地质学家冯景兰先生和陈国达教授是最早命名并进行丹霞地貌研究的科学家,也是从那时候丹霞地貌这一地貌术语正式由我国地学家首先命名和定义,但是对丹霞地貌概念的理解达数十种之多,各有侧重。本文基于大地构造运动和新构造运动的认识提出了典型和扩展丹霞地貌的概念和分类,在前人工作的基础上对丹霞地貌的准确定义和适用范围进行了进一步的研究和探讨。     

浅谈地质图件一些要素的图形编绘

在计算机图形图像技术处理中,对地形图及地质图中各个要素的编绘,往往要根据表达主体,合理地处理各要素之间的关系,达到合理避让、突出主体、协调表达地质成果的效果。本文根据近几年来工作体会,简要地介绍地形各要素、地质各要素,地形与地质要素之间关系处理及图形编辑的一些问题。