Comparison of ground- and aerial-based approaches for quantifying polygonal terrain network geometry on Earth and Mars via spatial point pattern analysis

Recently, a particular statistical method - spatial point pattern analysis (SPPA) - has been introduced as an effective means by which qualitative, observable variations in polygonal terrain network arrangements on Earth and Mars can be quantified. A number of ground- and aerial-based techniques are available from which to derive the required input data: the spatial (x-y) coordinates of all polygon trough intersections within the site. However, each of the data collection methods may contain some level of error. Thus, the overarching question addressed by this research is: “how are the results of SPPA affected by the method by which the input data were generated?” At two polygonal terrain sites in the Canadian High Arctic, we performed ground-based surveys using differential and non-differential Global Positioning Systems (GPS) as well as photogrammetric analysis of aerial and satellite images of varying resolution to determine the trough intersection coordinates. It was found that the most robust statistical results were produced when using data from a combination of differential GPS surveys and high-resolution (∼0.25 m/pixel) aerial images. Images of pixel size ≥1 m were found to be unsuitable for this type of analysis. With respect to the investigation of similar Martian landforms, HiRISE and MOC images of polygonal terrain sites in southwestern Utopia Planitia were analyzed. Our results show that it is strongly preferable to perform SPPA using HiRISE images, though an empirical model is outlined that could be used to correct for errors arising from the reduced resolution inherent to MOC images.     

珠海市大万山岛海水抽水蓄能电站温排水对周边海域影响的模拟分析研究

海水抽水蓄能电站上水库温度升高可能对下水库海域海水水温产生影响,文章对珠海市大万山岛拟建的海水抽水蓄能电站温排水进行模拟分析,结果表明,海水抽水蓄能电站在设计水量12.3m3/s的条件下,下水库排水8h后,不会对所在海域海流流场产生显著影响;当排放温度为30.2℃时,春季温排水影响的面积为1.76 km2,最大温升为1.35℃,最大温升面积为0.006 km2;夏季影响面积约1.58 km2,最大温升为0.7℃,最大温升面积为0.013 km2;秋季影响面积约为1.66 km2,最大温升为0.8℃,最大温升面积约为0.085 km2;冬季影响面积约为1.95 km2,最大温升为1.9℃,最大温升面积约为0.030 km2。周边海域最大温升随着排水温度增加逐渐增加,但对应的最大温升面积变化较小。在排水温度为32.2℃时,夏季最高温升约0.9℃,冬季最高温升约2.3℃;排水温度为34.2℃,夏季最高温升约1.15℃,冬季最高温升约2.6℃。最大温升面积在0.019~0.027 km2。排水流量从10.3m3/s逐渐增加到20.3m3/s,周边海域的最大温升值增加,但最大温升面积增幅较小,当排水流量达到20.3m3/s时,最大温升值达到最大值2.25℃,最大温升面积为0.007 km2。文章的研究结果为未来大万山岛海水抽水蓄能电站的环境影响评价及周边海域生态管理提供了科学依据。     

涠洲岛珊瑚礁近千年的发育过程及其对气候变化的响应*

高纬度珊瑚栖息地能否成为气候变暖背景下热带珊瑚物种的“避难所”仍不明确, 南海北部的相关研究更是稀少。本文以取自涠洲岛的2根珊瑚礁沉积岩心为研究对象, 通过U-Th定年、沉积组分分析以及珊瑚种属鉴定等方法, 探讨近千年以来珊瑚礁的发育过程及其对气候变化的响应。研究结果发现, Core1(石螺口)岩心沉积的3个快速堆积阶段分别与罗马暖期、中世纪暖期和现代暖期大致对应; 而2个缓慢堆积阶段则分别与黑暗时代冷期和小冰期大致对应, 证实了温暖的气候对珊瑚礁发育有促进作用, 而寒冷的气候则不利于珊瑚礁的发育; 此外, 现代强烈的人为干扰可能也导致了涠洲岛珊瑚礁的迅速退化。Core2(南湾)中陆源沉积含量高, 珊瑚年龄主要集中在800AD—950AD和现代这两个时间段内, 其原因可能与环境变化、风暴作用及湾内现代珊瑚分布特征有关。通过对比这两个站位的珊瑚礁沉积特征, 本文进一步提出“完全避难所”和“非完全避难所”的概念, 揭示涠洲岛珊瑚可能同时具有低纬度热带珊瑚礁和高纬度珊瑚群落这两种发育特征和趋势。     

A 477‐year dendrohydrological assessment of drought severity for Tsable River,Vancouver Island,British Columbia,Canada

Summer streamflow droughts are becoming more severe in many watersheds on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, as a result of climate warming. Small coastal basins that are the primary water source for most communities and essential to Pacific salmon populations have been particularly affected. Because the most extreme naturally occurring droughts are rarely captured within short instrumental records water managers likely underestimate, and are unprepared for, worst‐case scenario low flows. To provide a long‐term perspective on recent droughts on Vancouver Island, we developed a 477‐year long dendrohydrological reconstruction of summer streamflow for Tsable River based on a network of annual tree‐ring width data. A novel aspect of our study is the use of conifer trees that are energy limited by spring snowmelt timing. Explaining 63% of the instrumental streamflow variability, to our knowledge the reconstruction is the longest of its kind in British Columbia. We demonstrate that targeting the summer streamflow component derived from snowmelt is powerful for determining drought‐season discharge in hybrid runoff regimes, and we suggest that this approach may be applied to small watersheds in temperate environments that are not usually conducive to dendrohydrology. Our findings suggest that since 1520, 21 droughts occurred that were more extreme than recent ‘severe’ events like those in 2003 and 2009. Recent droughts are therefore not anomalous relative to the ~400‐year pre‐instrumental record and should be anticipated within water management strategies. In coming decades, worst‐case scenario natural droughts compounded by land use change and climate change could result in droughts more severe than any since 1520. The influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on instrumental and modelled Tsable River summer streamflow is likely linked to the enhanced role of snowmelt in determining summer discharge during cool phases. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海南五指山地区花岗片麻岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学特征及其地质意义

海南五指山地区出露大面积花岗片麻岩,且广泛发育NW向定向变形构造,表明经历了明显的动力变形变质作用;4个花岗片麻岩样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学测试数据表明它们形成于263～269 Ma,代表了中二叠世的一次重要地质构造热事件.结合前人研究成果认为,海南五指山地区263～269Ma花岗片麻岩可能形成于华南与...     

香港国家地质公园粮船湾组火山岩岩石学研究

在香港国家地质公园西贡火山岩园区,核心地质景观是白垩纪粮船湾组(Kkh)火山岩优美的六方形石柱(柱状节理),它们的岩石类型长期存在熔岩和火山碎屑岩之争。笔者等经野外调查和薄片岩石学研究,确认粮船湾组火山岩实属一种特殊的熔岩——流纹质碎斑熔岩,以普遍的柱状节理、斑晶具有碎斑结构和珠边结构、基质发育霏细结构和流动构造为特征;它们不仅代表了香港地区中生代最晚期火山喷发的产物,而且构成了西贡破火山机构的中央侵出相岩穹。推断粮船湾组火山岩石柱是地球上已知面积最大的流纹质碎斑熔岩石柱群(～150 km2),目前所见的火山岩石柱仅是长期剥蚀后的残余部分。     

A 2200-year Record of Seabird Population on Ganquan Island, South China Sea

Geochemical characteristics of a 107 cm long sediment profile, collected from Ganquan Island, South China Sea, were analyzed. Based on concentrations of bio-elements (Cu, Zn, Cd, Ba, As, Se, P), 210Pb and AMS14C dating, we reconstructed seabird population of Ganquan Island over the past 2200 years. Seabirds inhabited this island more than 2200 years ago, and their population displayed remarkable fluctuations with two peaks around 2100–1850 yr BP and 900–300 yr BP, respectively. The seabird population change profile on Ganquan Island is similar to that on Dongdao Island over the past 1800 years. We examined the relationship between the seabird population and climate, and found it quite complicated. The seabird population did not reach the maximum during the Medical Warm Period (MWP) with relatively high average temperature; however, it remained near the peak value for about 600 years during the climatic transition period and the Little Ice Age (LIA), indicating that a relatively cool climate is favorable for seabirds on Ganquan Island.     

印度尼西亚塔里亚布岛锡铁多金属矿床的地质地球化学特征与成因

印尼塔里亚布岛新近发现大型锡铁多金属矿床,初步探明铁储量超过l亿吨,全铁品位可达50%.塔里亚布岛锡铁多金属矿床以矽卡岩型与矿浆型为主,兼具热液型,构成一个完整的成矿系统.印支期二长花岗岩源自地壳部分熔融产生的岩浆,是矿床的主要成矿物质来源与控矿因素;岩浆经过高度的演化分异过程,生成富铁矿浆贯入充填成矿,主要赋存于花岗...     

海南岛气候舒适度与年内客流量变化的相关性分析

利用海南岛1981-2010年的气温、相对湿度、风速、日照时数等气象资料对海南岛旅游气候舒适度进行评价,划分出年内各月旅游气候适宜性等级;结合2006-2010年的旅游客流量统计数据,计算了客流量月指数,在此基础上,用虚拟因子表示非气候气候因素的影响,采用OLS方法分别建立了客流量月指数与气候舒适度的回归方程,相关分析结果表明：（1）国内旅游客流量全年受到气候舒适度的影响,国内客流量月指数与气候舒适度之间的线性关系显著,弹性系数为1.5％;海外旅游客流量除受到气候舒适度的影响外,节假日赛事活动等非气候因素对其也产生一定的影响,海外客流量月指数气候弹性系数为1.1％.     

Rates of bacterial sulfate reduction and their response to experimental temperature changes in coastal sediments of Qi’ao Island, Zhujiang River Estuary in China

Subtropical sediment cores(QA09-1 and QA12-9) from the coastal zone of Qi'ao Island in the Zhujiang River Estuary were used to determine the rates of sulfate reduction and their response to experimental temperature changes. The depth distribution of the sulfate reduction rates was measured from whole-core incubations with radioactive tracer 35SO42-, and peaks of 181.19 nmol/(cm3·d) and 107.49 nmol/(cm3·d) were exhibited at stations QA09-1 and QA12-9, respectively. The profiles of the pore water methane and sulfate concentrations demonstrated that anaerobic oxidation of methane occurred in the study area, which resulted in an increase in the sulfate reduction rate at the base of the sulfate-reducing zone. Meanwhile, the sulfate concentration was not a major limiting factor for controlling the rates of sulfate reduction. In addition, the incubation of the sediment slurries in a block with a temperature gradient showed that the optimum temperature for the sulfate reduction reaction was 36℃. The Arrhenius plot was linear from the lowest temperature to the optimum temperature, and the activation energy was at the lower end of the range of previously reported values. The results suggested that the ambient temperature regime of marine environments probably selected for the microbial population with the best-suited physiology for the respective environment.