北京石花洞的区域地质意义

在全国范围内，北京石花洞的层数最多，次生化学沉积物的叠置关系明显。该洞的大形态反映了北京西山新构造运动的历史，可以同华北地文斯和永定河阶地对比。洞内次生化学沉积物记录了中更新世以来，西山地区古环境变化的信息，可以和周口店洞穴中碎屑堆积物进行对比。     

杭州地区石笋稳定同位素古气候探索

用１４Ｃ测年技术和稳定同位素地球化学古温度方法，对浙江省临安瑞晶洞穴的石笋进行了１４Ｃ的测年和碳、氢、氧同位素测试，获得５～１万年间杭州地区古气候演化记录、该记录表明，在５～１万年间有三次较明显的周期性古温度变化，最高温度为１４．９℃，最低温度为６．６℃，最大温差为８℃左右，平均温差３～５℃。这段时期正处在大理冰期后期，但大理冰期并不是一个持续的低温阶段，它至少有３次温度波动。与我们获得的石笋同位素古温度相一致。另外，我们将５～１万年间杭州地区古气候变化与同期东南沿海的海平面变化进行了对比，在时间上也较为吻合，也就是温度上升、海平面也上升，温度下降、海平面也随之下降     

Modern stable isotopic (δ18O, δ2H, δ13C) variation in terrestrial,fluvial, estuarine and marine waters from north‐central Sarawak,Malaysian Borneo

Stable isotope data on humid tropical hydrology are scarce and, at present, no such data exist for Borneo. Delta¹⁸O, δ²H and δ¹³C were analysed on 22 water samples from different parts of the Sungai (river) Niah basin (rain, cave drip, rainforest pool, tributary stream, river, estuary, sea) in north‐central Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. This was done to improve understanding of the modern stable isotope systematics of the Sungai Niah basin, essential for the palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Late Quaternary stable isotope proxies preserved in the Great Cave of Niah. The Niah hydrology data are put into a regional context using the meteoric water line for Southeast Asia, as derived from International Atomic Energy Agency/World Meteorological Organization isotopes in precipitation network data. Although the Niah hydrological data‐set is relatively small, spatial isotopic variability was found for the different subenvironments of the Sungai Niah basin. A progressive enrichment occurs towards the South China Sea (δ¹⁸O ?4·6‰; δ²H ?29·3‰; δ¹³C ?4·8‰) from the tributary stream (δ¹⁸O ?8·4‰; δ²H ?54·7‰; δ¹³C ?14·5‰) to up‐river (δ¹⁸O c. ?8‰; δ²H c. ?51‰; δ¹³C c. ?12‰) and down‐river values (δ¹⁸O c. ?7·5‰; δ²H c. ?45‰; δ¹³C c. ?11‰). This is thought to reflect differential evaporation and mixing of different components of the water cycle and a combination of depleted biogenic δ¹³C (plant respiration and decay) with enriched δ¹³C values (due to photosynthesis, atmospheric exchange, mixing with limestone and marine waters) downstream. Cave drip waters are relatively enriched in δ¹³C as compared to the surface waters. This may indicate rapid degassing of the cave drips as they enter the cave atmosphere. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Detection and 2d modelling of cavities using pole–dipole array

The resistivity method is often used in cave prospecting. In this paper the pole–dipole array ability to detect cavities at different depths and with different water contents is investigated. The research was performed using analogical and numerical modelling. According to the results, empty caves at a depth less than four times its diameter can be easily detected. The ability of the pole–dipole array to detect water-filled caves reaches a minimum at filling percentages of 30–50%. Overburden effects research shows that low resistivity overburden reduces the resolution capability of the array. This study shows that equivalent results can be obtained by modelling the empty caves as infinite resistivity bodies or, alternatively, as very high resistivity ones. The analysis of field data acquired in the Maciço Calcário Estremenho (Portugal) shows the practical importance of the pole–dipole array in cavities prospecting.     

吉林省岩溶洞穴旅游资源及其开发中的问题讨论

近年来，在吉林省中部和东南部地区，发现了一批岩溶洞穴，尚未开发利用者为多数，它们分布在奥陶系马家沟组灰岩和石炭系磨盘山组石灰岩中，规模多为中小型，个别较大，具有开发意义，建议从速开发，面向旅游事业，为振兴吉林省经济服务。     

Fractals in Karst

The analysis of cave survey data is used to establish that cave length exhibits fractal (self-similar) behaviour, with dimensions in the range 1–1·5, over a range of measurement resolutions from 1 to 100 m. It is suggested that fractal dimensions, together with their range of applicability, will prove to be useful parameters for the study of caves.     

Rates of cave and landform development in the Yorkshire Dales from speleothem age data

Uranium-series ages have been obtained for 87 speleothems collected from nine major cave systems in the Craven district of northern England. Large systems such as Ease Gill Caverns, the West Kingsdale caves, and Gaping Gill-Ingleborough Cave, which contain relict high-level tunnels, are found to be older than 350,000 years (the limit of the ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U dating method). There is little evidence to indicate a significant enlargement of these passages since this time. Estimates of the age of Victoria Cave from ²³⁴U/²³⁸U isotopic ratios suggest that the cave has been fully relict for more than 500,000 years. Ages of in situ speleothems immediately adjacent to local base level cave streams show that mean maximum downcutting rates in limestone channels are about 2 to 5 cm 1000 yr. These rates are significantly lower than those obtained from direct measurements on limestone bedrock in stream channels but are comparable to areal denudation rates based on solute budgets. Using the present elevation of caves with respect to adjacent valley floor levels, mean maximum valley entrenchment rates are found to range between 5 cm/ky and < 20cm/ky, which corresponds to 6 m to < 24 m of lowering per glacial/interglacial cycle. These rates suggest that upper beds of the limestone were incised to form the Yorkshire Dales between 1 and 2 million years ago. The results indicate that the erosional effects of individual glaciations are not as severe as previously proposed in the literature.     

中国南方发现大型文石笋

中国南方大量石笋剖面研究表明,石笋矿物组成有方解石、文石、方解石-文石三种类型。石笋沉积纹(微)层结构构造特征大同小异,但是文石石笋的放射状纹(微)层构造更显著。文石石笋沉积生长的气候环境是滴水多而稳定,水温低、气温略高的冷、湿的洞穴气候条件。文石转变为方解石常保留文石的针状、柱状晶形,并存在于石笋沉积生长的始终。文石结构构造转化在常温或低温、常压或低压下自调整作用的成晶成岩环境进行,其强度取决于所在洞穴气候环境、滴水在石笋的渗流和石笋的含水度。转化作用不影响同位素分馏,石笋同时全面记录古气候环境信息。研究文石石笋对重建古气候环境、成岩成矿作用都有重要理论和实践意义。     

Investigation of waste disposal areas using electrical methods: a case study from Chania,Crete, Greece

A geophysical investigation of a landfill area was conducted as inextricable phase of a preliminary geotechnical, geological and hydrogeological study of the area under investigation. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), one of the most promising prospecting techniques mainly concerning its effective contribution to resolve several environmental problems, was applied for the geophysical modeling. ERT is a robust imaging method the theory and implementation of which are well documented in geophysical research literature. The survey site is located in Akrotirion Peninsula, about 7 km east of Chania city in Crete I. The geological setting comprises Trypalion limestones, marly limestones and a clayed weathered layer. Cavities are also identified at various scales which are recent tectono-karstic voids. Due to the above-mentioned geological singularity and in the light of the requirement for an environmentally safe construction of the landfill, an ERT survey was carried out. Specifically, seven geoelectrical tomographies were conducted reaching the prospecting depth of 36 m. The resulted images conduced, to overcome geotechnical problems since the spatial distribution of karstic voids was determined, to plan the future sites for waste disposal as the geological conditions were studied in detail and to reliably estimate the thickness of the already deposited wastes. The resulted images were confirmed using available borehole logs and ambient noise measurements.