江河源区水汽输送与收支的时空演变特征分析

江河源区位于青藏高原腹地,是东亚气候变化的敏感区之一,研究水汽的分布、输送及收支对于理解区域降水特征具有重要意义.本研究基于1980-2019年欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的ERA5再分析资料,结合1981-2010年国家气象科学数据中心9个探空站资料,分析了江河源及其毗邻地区水汽分布、输送及各边界水汽收支的时空...     

白令海Navarinsky海底峡谷地震剖面解译

第五次北极科学考察在北极区的白令海首次进行了高分辨率单道地震作业。Navarinsky峡谷头部测线BL11-12剖面中部识别出不对称沙波,陡的一面朝向陆架,波高约为9m、波长约为882m。结合站位U1345的沉积速率及站位U1344表层纵波速率推测沙波沉积可以追溯到中更新世(距今约0.258Ma),同时近陆架的洼地逐渐填平。将地层分为3个沉积层,分析沉积物变化情况,结合0.25Ma以来白令海海平面变化历史,推测最大海退事件对应的界面。结合沙波的地理位置及海平面变化情况,认为内波对沙波的形成起主要作用。     

Physical,biological, geochemical and sedimentological controls on the ichnology of submarine canyon and slope channel systems

Sediments of the continental slope are commonly bioturbated by endo- and epibenthic organisms, particularly in and around submarine canyons and channels. This study reviews the architecture and depositional environments associated with canyons and channels on the continental slope, and assesses the key physical and chemical conditions encountered in and around these conduits. Hydrodynamic energy, concentration and quality of organic carbon, dissolved oxygen concentration and sedimentation rate are identified as key controls on the composition of benthic ecosystems in slope environments. Submarine canyons and channels focus a variety of turbid and clear-water currents, all of which serve to increase the concentration of oxygen, labile organic carbon and other nutrients, which tend to elevate the abundance and biodiversity in the seafloor sediments, compared with those of the surrounding slope. Ancient slope channel and canyon systems reflect some of the variation in ichnological assemblages that is seen in modern analogues, although processes of erosion and trace fossil preservation mean that the benthic environment is often incompletely preserved in the ancient record. By integrating current understanding of sedimentology, oceanography, biology and ichnology of slope environments it is possible to provide a first order summary of the inter-relationships between ichnology and depositional environments on the continental slope. The combination of these data has the potential to improve our understanding of changes in deep marine benthic ecosystems through geological time, and to further the use of ichnology in assessing hydrocarbon reservoir presence, quality and performance from bioturbated slope, canyon and channel-levee hydrocarbon reservoirs.     

The Fish River canyon (Southern Namibia): A record of Cenozoic mantle dynamics?

Intracontinental elevated plateaus remain geomorphologic features which are poorly studied. Their genesis requires a coupling between climate and deformation. The Fish River canyon (southern Namibia), the second largest canyon of the Earth, carved the South-African plateau on 550 m along 65 km. This study reveals that the upper and the lower segments are shaped by NE–SW and north-south grabens, respectively. These deformations increased the meandering and the vertical incision mainly in the lower canyon. However the river main trend was not drastically modified attesting that the river was ancient and that the rate of the vertical displacement was slow compared to the erosion rate. The main incision occurred during a NW–SE stretching of Plio-Pleistocene. These stretching episodes belong to two deformation phases previously poorly described in the South-African plateau. These widespread stretching phases are interpreted as a result of deep mantle dynamics affecting the inner African continent.     

A temporal analysis on the dynamics of deep-sea macrofauna: Influence of environmental variability off Catalonia coasts (western Mediterranean)

A seasonal analysis of deep-sea infauna (macrobenthos) based on quantitative sampling was conducted over the Catalan Sea slope, within the Besòs canyon (at ∼550-600 m) and on its adjacent slope (at 800 m). Both sites were sampled in February, April, June-July and October 2007. Environmental variables influencing faunal distribution were also recorded in the sediment and sediment/water interface. Dynamics of macrobenthos at the two stations showed differences in biomass/abundance patterns and trophic structures. Biomass was higher inside the Besòs canyon than on the adjacent slope. The community was mostly dominated by surface-deposit feeding polychaetes (Ampharetidae, Paraonidae, Flabelligeridae) and crustaceans (amphipods such as Carangoliopsis spinulosa and Harpinia spp.) inside the canyon, while subsurface deposit feeders (mainly the sipunculan Onchnesoma steenstrupii) were dominant over the adjacent slope. The taxonomic composition in the suprabenthic assemblages of polychaetes, collected on the adjacent slope by a suprabenthic sledge, was clearly different from that collected by the box-corer. The suprabenthic assemblage was dominated by carnivorous forms (mainly Harmothoe sp. and Nephthys spp.) and linked to higher near-bottom turbidity. Inside Besòs a clear temporal succession of species was related to both food availability and quality and the proliferation of opportunistic species was consistent with higher variability in food sources (TOC, C/N, ??¹³C) in comparison to adjacent slope. This was likely caused by a greater influence of terrigenous inputs from river discharges. Inside the canyon, Capitellidae, Spionidae and Flabelligeridae, in general considered as deposit feeders, were more abundant in June-July coinciding with a clear signal of terrigenous carbon (depleted ??¹³C, high C/N) in the sediments. By contrast, during October and under conditions of high water turbidity and increases of TOM, carnivorous polychaetes (Glyceridae, Onuphidae) increased. Total macrobenthos biomass found over Catalonian slopes were higher than that found in the neighboring Toulon canyon, probably because the two canyons are influenced by different river inputs, connected with distinct terrigenous sources.     

Impact of salt-related palaeotopography on the distribution of turbidite reservoirs: Evidence from well-seismic analyses and structural restorations in the Brazilian offshore

The dynamic of gravity-driven turbidity currents is strongly influenced by the morphology of the seafloor, formed by topographic highs and lows on the margin along the depositional profile. This paper focuses on the methodology and the main results of a study on the palaeotopographic controls in a turbidite succession, with an application in an oilfield of the Brazilian offshore Campos Basin. This basin is located in the Brazilian passive margin, on which tectonics is partly controlled by halokinesis; the selected reservoirs are confined Turonian to Campanian siliciclastic turbidite systems.Six seismic-lithologic horizons of regional extension were mapped, from the Aptian salt to the Miocene as well as related faults. Four main reservoir-scale units were identified, stratigraphically comprised between two of the regional horizons, and their related surfaces were mapped. The complete ensemble of horizons and faults was used to build a multi-2D geological model. Individual surface restorations performed in every horizon allowed the structural coherence and the unfolding-unfaulting quality to be evaluated. Multi-surface restorations were then carried out in order to determine the related horizon palaeotopography of each reference depositional time.The results of the geological modeling and of the structural restorations indicate that the halokinesis-related listric faults regulated the distribution of the basal reservoirs. Additionally, at the top of the Albian carbonates, a canyon was identified, which, in association with the tectonic structures form the palaeotopographic constraints for the upper reservoir geometry.This work sheds light on the importance of structural restoration in understanding the tectonic-sedimentation interactions and the palaeotopography to the distribution of the studied turbidite reservoirs.     

四川宣汉百里峡地质遗迹景观资源特征与评价

四川宣汉百里峡地质遗迹景观地区位条件优越,地质遗迹景观资源丰富,构造剖面典型,轮廓清楚,岩溶地貌发育,峡谷以及奇峰怪石,地质水体众多。配以人文景观资源,景观特点突出,具有极高的科研、保护和旅游开发价值。     

雅鲁藏布大峡谷羚牛牙齿珐琅质碳、氧同位素组成及其环境意义

以雅鲁藏布大峡谷的羚牛为主要研究对象,讨论其牙齿珐琅质羟基磷灰石结构碳酸盐的碳、氧同位素组成与生活环境之间的关系。羚牛牙齿的碳同位素组成分布范围相当宽,且随着栖息地海拔高度的增加而变重,反映了食谱中C₄植物从无到有、由少到多的变化趋势。C₄植物含量最高可能达到70％。这一变化与当地自然带的划分相吻合。羚牛牙齿珐琅质结构碳酸盐的δ¹⁸O值分布范围较窄,与海拔高度之间没有明显的相关性。氧同位素分馏可能与水源和物种均有关。