The progress and prospects of nebkhas in arid areas

Nebkhas are often extensively distributed in arid and semi-arid areas, and play an important role in the stabilization of ecological environment in these areas. This paper reviews the following aspects, including formation and succession, spatial distribution, shape and surface airflow characteristics, balance between erosion and deposition, ecological and physiological characteristics of vegetation, response to precipitation and groundwater, soil properties as well as the protection measures. We found that nebkhas were studied without differentiation of succession periods, and shape characteristics, surface airflow, soil properties as well as vegetation dynamics in different succession periods were not fully understood, which made it difficult to explain the succession dynamics of nebkhas and its affecting factors. Previous studies of nebkhas were over-emphasized for its role as an indicator of land degradation, while its ecological functions in degraded ecosystems were neglected, which was unfavorable for the ecological restorations in arid and semi-arid areas. Future studies should pay more attention to the variation of vegetation, soil as well as hydrological process in the succession of nebkhas and its interaction between different influencing factors. In addition, positive role of nebkhas in degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas should be fully discussed. According to the data got from the above, effective protection measures of nebkhas should be explored.     

雅鲁藏布江河谷风沙地貌的初步观察

青藏高原上发育有不少风沙堆积地貌,尤以雅鲁藏布江中上游宽谷中为普遍和典型,其主要形态类型有新月形沙丘、沙丘链、沙堆、沙包、沙坡地等,可分流动和半固定、固定两大类。其成因主要是雅鲁藏布江谷地与高空西风气流相一致,就地起沙所形成;并认为高原上的一些黄上状堆积物的形成与古风沙堆积有一定的关系。风沙作用对高原经济建设带来危害,目前,人类活动多集中在雅鲁藏布江中游,故这一地区有沙漠化扩大的趋势,应引起重视和注意。     

散粒体斜坡堆积特性与崩坍形式研究

通过圆盘沙堆以及斜坡堆积物理模拟试验,解释其崩滑的动力学机制.发现溜砂坡堆积的过程是一个典型的自组织临界过程,整个坡体是一个广延耗散动力学系统.从颗粒级配的角度探究其对散粒体边坡稳定性的影响.     

绿洲-沙漠过渡带柽柳灌丛沙堆表面的蚀、积特征

灌丛沙堆表面的蚀、积特征直接影响着沙堆的形成和发育,是研究灌丛沙堆的重要方面。选择策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带内半固定沙地和流动沙地上的各一个独立柽柳沙堆作为表面蚀、积特征的定点观测对象,运用地形测量结合插钎法对每场大风后沙堆表面的蚀、积量与蚀、积分布状况进行计算分析。结果表明：（1）处于半固定沙地的柽柳沙堆,整体蚀、积空间分布规律不显著且蚀、积量相对较少,以微弱的蚀、积变化为显著特征,形态相对稳定。与之相对,处于流动沙地的柽柳沙堆,整体具有显著的空间分布规律和较高的蚀、积强度,这表明柽柳沙堆所处环境的沙源供给强度是控制沙堆单体规模的主要因素之一。（2）伴随着柽柳灌丛开始萌动到逐渐形成一定的灌丛覆盖,沙堆表面由大面积侵蚀逐步转为积沙,风蚀退缩到沙堆两侧且总体上沙堆体积在年内呈先减小后增大的波动状态。（3）柽柳灌丛沙堆以灌丛内部具有覆盖的保护区域及背风侧大面积稳定积沙,迎风和两侧区域强烈风蚀为主要蚀、积分布特征。     

内蒙古高原小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛沙丘:形态特征及表面气流

小叶锦鸡儿灌丛沙丘是内蒙古高原阴山北麓农牧交错带的主要风沙堆积类型.野外调查表明灌丛沙丘在该区主要分布在耕地、冲积扇下风侧和村落周围等人类活动频繁的地段.根据对耕地、冲积扇下风侧典型样地灌丛沙丘形态参数的详细测量和沙丘及丘间地气流的系统观测结果,发现灌丛沙丘覆盖度及风沙沉积量顺风向减小,近地面气流空气动力学粗糙度顺风向减小;在沙丘单体,风速廓线由迎风坡经丘顶至背风坡趋于复杂.在沙丘形态诸参数中,沙丘高度与水平尺度之间存在良好的幂函数相关,表明在目前风况和沙源环境中该区灌丛沙丘处在加积增高阶段,但其速率小于水平扩展.该区灌丛沙丘的规模主要受上风侧可供沙源有效性和灌丛生长状况的控制,灌丛沙丘的出现是该区土壤风蚀和土地退化的主要标志.     

黑河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带典型灌丛植物防风固沙效应北大核心CSCD

为探究黑河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带典型灌丛植物防风固沙效应,通过野外调查观测,定量分析了固沙植物梭梭(Haloxylonam modendron)、泡泡刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)、沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)对风沙流流量及风沙流结构的影响规律,并应用空气动力学原理分析了影响机制。结果表明:固沙植物防风效果表现为梭梭>沙拐枣>泡泡刺,且在迎风面和背风面差异显著,梭梭与其他灌丛植物相比防风效果更加显著,风速降幅可达到62.9%,有效防护距离最大;梭梭、泡泡刺、沙拐枣的阻沙效率分别为60.7%、51.0%、46.3%,且各灌丛植物在相同风速下输沙率随高度呈阶梯式递减;灌丛植物输沙率与风速符合指数函数或多项式函数关系,风速超过7.0 m·s-1时输沙率增加速度最为剧烈。梭梭的阻风效果优于泡泡刺和沙拐枣,但其近地表防风蚀效果一般,泡泡刺因为低矮密集的植株结构表现出较好的防风蚀性,但有效防护距离最小,且在高度较大时防风效果较差。     

Nebkha （coppice dune） formation and significance to environmental change reconstructions in arid and semiarid areas

Environments in arid and semiarid regions are extremely sensitive to climate changes.High wind activity in these regions has resulted in an extensively developed arid geomorphology,but past environmental changes are poorly understood because of the absence of relatively high-resolution proxies.The accumulation characteristics of nebkhas,which have developed extensively in these regions,can be used as a method of reconstructing environmental changes.Here we summarized recent advances in research on the formation,development,and sediment characteristics of nebkhas and their significance to environmental changes in arid and semiarid regions.Based on the studies of our colleagues,we suggested that research on nebkha formation can provide distinct clues about environmental changes in arid and semiarid regions;however,continued studies are needed.     

地基激光雷达灌丛化草原小叶锦鸡儿生物量估算

小叶锦鸡儿是内蒙古灌丛化草原中最具代表性的景观植物，准确估算小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的地上生物量对研究灌丛化草原生态系统、监测草原灌丛化程度具有重要意义。地基激光雷达TLS(Terrestrial Laser Scanning)可通过获取高密度点云数据准确估算灌木体积，被广泛应用于反演灌木生物量，但在灌丛化草原中尚未得到有效应用。本研究首先在中国科学院灌丛化草地植被恢复试验区获取了5个样方(10 m×10 m)共42株灌丛的TLS点云数据及实测生物量信息；然后分别使用整体凸包法、切片凸包法、切片分割法、体积表面差分法、体素法5种方法计算灌丛体积并与实测生物量进行回归分析；最后，通过留一交叉验证对5种方法建立的生物量估算模型精度进行对比分析。结果表明：TLS可在不破坏植被的情况下实现快速、准确地小叶锦鸡儿灌丛生物量反演，是传统野外调查方法的可靠替代技术。研究中采用的5种方法均能较好地估算灌丛生物量，其中：（1）相比于整体凸包法（R ²=0.87, p<0.001, RMSE=30.50 g），切片凸包法（R ²=0.89, p<0.001, RMSE=28.01 g）与切片分割法（R ²=0.88, p<0.001, RMSE=29.03 g）可有效减弱离群点造成的体积高估，生物量估算精度有所提升；（2）格网大小为3 cm、高度统计变量选取标准差时，体积表面差分法计算的体积与实测生物量拟合度最好(R ²=0.89, p<0.001, RMSE=28.89 g)，表明高度标准差是估算小叶锦鸡儿灌丛生物量的强预测因子；（3）体素法解释了生物量估计值90%的变化(R ²=0.90, p<0.001, RMSE=26.28 g)，是适合小叶锦鸡儿灌丛生物量反演的最优模型。     

新疆艾比湖周边柽柳沙堆的粒度特征

以新疆艾比湖周边的柽柳沙堆为研究对象,对柽柳沙堆表层及丘间地砂物质进行系统采样和粒度分析。结果表明:柽柳沙堆表层沉积以极细砂为主(占34.60%),其次是细砂(占21.90%),极粗砂含量最少(占0.08%);丘间地沉积物粒度组成与沙堆相似,只是各组分含量不同。柽柳沙堆表层砂物质平均粒径为4.08Φ;分选性很好;偏度属于极负偏;平均峰度属于尖窄峰态。柽柳沙堆砂的平均粒径与分选性(r=-0.869)、平均粒径与峰度(r=-0.830)都呈现高度负相关;分选与峰度呈现高度正相关(r=0.889);分选与偏度呈现不显著正相关;平均粒径与偏度、偏度与峰度都无相关性。区域风动力条件是影响柽柳沙堆粒度组成及其空间变异的主要因素之一。