The importance of missing strain in Deep Water Fold and Thrust Belts

Deep water fold and thrust belts (DWFTBs) are sedimentary wedges that accommodate plate-scale deformation on both active and passive continental margins. Internally, these wedges consist of individual structures that strongly influence sediment dispersal, bathymetry and fluid migration. Most DWFTB studies investigate basin- and intra-wedge- scale processes using seismic reflection profiles, yet are inherently limited by seismic resolution. Of critical importance is strain distribution and its accommodation on discrete faults compared to distributed deformation. Recent studies have considered strain distribution by investigating regional reflection DWFTBs profiles within coupled systems, which contain down-dip compression and up-dip extension. There is broad agreement of a mis-balance in compression versus extension, with ∼5% excess in the latter associated with horizontal compaction, yet this remains unproven.Using two exceptionally well exposed outcrops in the Spanish Pyrenees we consider deformation of DWFTB at a scale comparable to, and beyond, seismic resolution for the first time. By coupling outcrop observations (decametre to hectometre scale) with a re-evaluation of seismic profiles from the Orange Basin, South Africa, which contains one of the best imaged DWFTBs globally, we provide a unique insight into the deformation from metre to margin scale. Our observations reveal hitherto unrecognised second order structures that account for the majority of the previously recognised missing strain. This re-evaluation implies that ∼5% missing strain should be accounted for in all DWFTBs, therefore existing studies using restorations of the sediment wedge will have underestimated crustal shortening in active margins, or sedimentary shortening in gravity driven systems by this amount. In contrast to previous studies, our observations imply that the majority of this strain is accommodated on discrete fault surfaces and this can explain the occurrence and location of a range of intra-wedge processes that are intimately linked to structures including sediment dispersal, fluid migration pathways and reservoir compartmentalisation.     

盾构法开挖隧道对桩基础影响的有限元分析

利用有限元软件ABAQUS,采用对隧道洞室周边及开挖面的土体施加由盾构机引起的各种荷载的方法模拟天津市地铁1号线盾构施工。计算结果表明,有限元模型能够很好地模拟盾构施工过程。利用此模型研究隧道开挖对桩基础的影响。隧道开挖引起的桩顶沉降、桩身侧移主要发生在盾构机推进面逐渐接近桩的过程中,当盾构机推进面通过桩所在的位置后桩顶沉降、桩身侧移增加不明显;与隧道水平距离相同时,由于长桩能够充分发挥桩身下部的侧摩阻力,隧道开挖引起的长桩的桩顶沉降小于短桩的桩顶沉降;隧道开挖过程中12 m长桩的桩身发生了整体倾斜,16、19 m长桩的桩身出现了弯曲变形,16、19 m长桩的桩身最大弯矩发生在地面下12～13 m之间,即在隧道轴线附近;开挖过程中桩顶出现沿隧道推进方向的往复位移;桩顶作用的竖向荷载越大,由隧道开挖引起的桩顶沉降越大     

汶川地震强余震的电磁同震效应

汶川5.12大地震发生后,在武都汉王地震台及其附近地区布置了2个大地电磁测深点,进行了两期余震序列的地震电磁效应连续监测,共观测到M_s4.0及以上的余震事件35次.通过与汉王强震台的地震记录数据中15个强震记录比较发现,与地震波相对应的地震同震电磁信号存在于所有的电场和磁场记录分量中,它们与地震波到达同步.地震破裂发生时的电磁辐射信号在记录数据中相比地震波达到观测点的电磁信号幅度要小得多,无法从观测数据识别出来.通过分析对比地震位移和同震电磁信号的关系,提出了地震电磁同震信号产生的地震波驱动机理,认为观测系统在地球基本磁场中随地面运动产生了地震同震电磁信号,并从观测的地震振动位移和电磁信号进行了验证.     

Optimization of closed-form test tasks used in computer systems for examination

This paper discusses the optimization of closed-form test tasks containing one question and several answers with only one being correct. For this purpose, the effects of several test task parameters on the possibility of getting the lowest passing score by students with insufficient knowledge of the subject have been studied. The appropriateness of such tests for some types of examination has been shown. An algorithm for determining the optimal number of answers in the test and the number of test tasks used for examination is suggested.     

渤海夏季潮致-风生-热盐环流的数值诊断计算

基于正交曲线坐标的ECOMSED三维水动力模式,并考虑了潮汐、风和实测温盐场,诊断计算了渤海夏季三维潮致-风生-热盐环流,分析了渤海夏季潮致余流、风生和热盐环流的分布结构。结果显示,在夏季,渤海中部海区明显存在一个顺时针向的涡旋,同时渤海还存在着多个逆时针向的涡旋。通过分析和比较各个分量在总环流中的作用,认为夏季潮致余流是相对弱的;热盐环流在夏季总环流中占主要成分。     

基于SOFM网络的农村居民点节约用地驱动类型研究

提高农村居民点节约用地有助于释放农村建设用地潜力。从区域发展对农村居民点用地影响的角度出发,分析了农村居民点节约用地的驱动类型。首先,采用回归分析的方法,从中国国家尺度构建指标体系,分析农村居民点人均用地面积的主要影响因素;其次,借助Matlab 7.6软件、采用SOFM网络分析方法从宏观区域层面对中国各省域农村居民点节约用地的驱动类型进行划分。研究结果表明,中国省域农村居民点节约用地的驱动类型可以划分为4种类型:区域发展负向驱动、区域城镇化负向驱动、区域经济负向驱动和区域发展正向驱动;且从全国来看,在农村居民点节约用地驱动问题上出现了较显著的"马太效应"。     

消费社会学视角下生态捕捞实践困境的源生机制分析

为破解生态捕捞实践困境,促进海洋渔业资源的可持续发展,文章引入消费社会学的研究视角分析生态捕捞实践困境的源生机制,并在此基础上提出源头把控对策。研究结果表明:由于消费者对于海产品的偏好呈现原生态性、稀缺性、猎奇性和炫耀性的消费需求,这种消费需求作用于市场,并主导市场上禁渔期和禁捕鱼类的交易秩序和潜在规则,从而刺激盗猎市场的繁荣,导致过度捕捞的盛行,间接危害生态环境和渔业资源的可持续发展,使得当前生态捕捞实践存在困境;因此,消费端是生态捕捞困境的源头,破解生态捕捞困境亟须引导消费者树立科学适度的生态观和消费观,践行符合生态文明进程的"生态消费"方式。     

混合访问控制模型在测绘应用系统中的应用

本文在分析测绘系统开发与应用中测绘数据的复杂性,以及大部分测绘系统都包含业务流程等特点的基础上,除了RBAC模型的角色授权外,加入了任务对操作进行授权,对RBAC模型进行了有效的扩展,使其更具通用性。该方法有效解决了传统的RBAC模型在测绘系统应用中存在的弊端,对其他应用系统建设同样具有理论指导。     

被动大陆边缘盐构造研究进展

内容提要:被动大陆边缘的含盐盆地多在重力作用下发育薄皮盐构造.这些构造不但记录了盆地的演化过程,而且往往富含大量的油气资源.因此,被动陆缘盐构造是学术界与工业界共同关注的热点.在传统的被动陆缘含盐盆地模型中,盆地主要在重力作用下形成上坡的拉张区,下坡的挤压区和两者之间的转移区.近年来,国际学术界围绕重力变形在盆地中的作...