Topographic changes of a supply‐limited inland parabolic sand dune during the incipient phase of stabilization

Topographic surveys on an inland parabolic sand dune over a six‐year period provide insight into the effects of diminishing local sand supply on dune stabilization. During the interval (2003–2009) sparse vegetation cover (Psoralea lanceolata) increased despite drier than normal moisture conditions and steady wind power during the growing season. Whereas these climatic conditions are typically ascribed to sustaining or increasing dune activity, here they coincide with stabilization. Through the use of geographic information system (GIS) analysis of volumetric changes it is shown that the increase of P. lanceolata can be attributed to the reduction of local sand supply from two blowouts along the arms of the parabolic dune during the six‐year period. These results show that climate is not the only control on dune activity in vegetated inland dunefields. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

复频探地雷达在未爆弹探测中的应用

使用搭载200&400 MHz复合天线的LTD系列探地雷达,对埋设的未爆弹进行探测试验,并运用克希霍夫积分偏移法及三维插值算法对探地雷达数据进行三维成像。试验结果能准确地反映出浅埋未爆弹的位置信息,可指导排爆人员进行精确的开挖及排除。     

库布齐沙漠南缘抛物线形沙丘表面粒度特征

对库布齐沙漠南缘抛物线形沙丘特征断面上下层（0~5cm、5~10cm）沉积物采样分析结果表明,沙丘粒径与分选参数及其分布随沙丘形态、发育程度和植被生长状况发生变化。抛物线形沙丘丘体迎风坡下凹背风坡上凸,丘顶始终处于侵蚀亚环境。在顺风向断面,平均粒径从迎风坡脚到丘顶变粗,从丘顶到背风坡脚又变细,且这种变化在高大沙丘上更为明显;分选性在迎风坡为中等和较好,丘顶较差,顺风向到背风坡脚逐渐由中等变为较好;粒径频率曲线在丘顶双峰正偏,除迎风坡脚单峰正偏外,其余部位均单峰近对称。在垂直于风向的两翼断面,平均粒径在成熟沙丘由翼顶向两侧坡脚趋于变细,而在欠成熟沙丘无明显的变化趋势。翼间平地沉积物受植被等影响,平均粒径偏细但分选性差,偏度为正偏和极正偏,峰度为尖锐和非常尖锐。受不同时期风况的影响,成熟抛物线形沙丘上下层粒度参数在沙丘断面的分布较欠成熟沙丘一致。     

基于抛物型缓坡方程模拟近岸植被区波浪传播

植被对波浪传播运动有重要影响。考虑近岸波浪在植被区传播中的折射、绕射、破碎及植被引起的波能耗损效应,基于抛物型缓坡方程建立了模拟近岸植被区波浪传播的数学模型,对模型进行了数值模拟验证,采用数值模拟试验分析了植被对波浪传播的影响。数值模拟结果表明,波浪在近岸植被区传播时,随着植被密度和植被高度的增加,波浪传播中的波高衰减增大,波能耗损增加;不同周期波浪在植被区传播中的波高衰减过程也明显不同。     

Conceptual design studies of the 5 m terahertz antenna for Dome A,Antarctica

As the highest, coldest and driest place in Antarctica, Dome A provides exceptionally good observing conditions for ground-based observations over terahertz wavebands. The 5 m Dome A Terahertz Explorer （DATES） has been proposed to explore new terahertz windows, primarily over wavelengths between 350 and 200 pm. DATE5 will be an open-air, fully-steerable telescope that can function by unmanned operation with remote control. The telescope will be able to endure the harsh polar environment, including high altitude, very low temperature and very low air pressure. The unique specifications, including high accuracies for surface shape and pointing and fully automatic year-around remote operation, along with a stringent limit on the periods of on-site assembly, testing and maintenance, bring a number of challenges to the design, construction, assembly and operation of this telescope. This paper intro- duces general concepts related to the design of the DATE5 antenna. Beginning from an overview of the environmental and operational limitations, the design specifications and requirements of the DATE5 antenna are listed. From these, major aspects on the conceptual design studies, including the antenna optics, the backup structure, the pan- els, the subreflector, the mounting and the antenna base structure, are explained. Some critical issues of performance are justified through analyses that use computational fluid dynamics, thermal analysis and de-icing studies, and the proposed approaches for test operation and on-site assembly. Based on these studies, we conclude that the specifications of the DATE5 antenna can generally be met by using enhanced technological approaches.     

Terrestrial photogrammetric techniques applied to the control of a parabolic dune in the Liencres dune system,Cantabria (Spain)

The spatial–temporal variations of a dune system can be determined by using diverse ‘geomatic’ methodologies: geodesy, global positioning system (GPS) and photogrammetry. In the case of the Liencres dune system, a study will be carried out using the ‘close‐range’ photogrammetry technique and the topography technique (total station and GPS). In order to determine the dynamic of the dune system it is necessary to repeat the process of study after a specific interval of time. For this reason, three dimensional data should be available in two different time periods, between which the displacement of the object of analysis (the front portion of the dune) will be significant enough to evaluate its magnitude. This work analyses the viability of photogrammetry for the determination of the spatial–temporal changes of a coastal parabolic dune. Two factors have been analysed: first, the comparison of the photogrammetric results with the results obtained from topographic methods (total station and GPS), and second, the quantification of the displacement of the dune system. The analysis of the correspondence between the movement of different parts of the dune and the influence of the intensity and direction of the prevailing wind in the area is also desired. The dune advanced 12·15 ± 0·06 m (an average of 8·5 m/yr), and the partial implications for the dynamic of human modified processes on the natural park have been established. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mathematical Analysis of a Model of River Channel Formation

The study of overland flow of water over an erodible sediment leads to a coupled model describing the evolution of the topographic elevation and the depth of the overland water film. The spatially uniform solution of this model is unstable, and this instability corresponds to the formation of rills, which in reality then grow and coalesce to form large-scale river channels. In this paper we consider the deduction and mathematical analysis of a deterministic model describing river channel formation and the evolution of its depth. The model involves a degenerate nonlinear parabolic equation (satisfied on the interior of the support of the solution) with a super-linear source term and a prescribed constant mass. We propose here a global formulation of the problem (formulated in the whole space, beyond the support of the solution) which allows us to show the existence of a solution and leads to a suitable numerical scheme for its approximation. A particular novelty of the model is that the evolving channel self-determines its own width, without the need to pose any extra conditions at the channel margin.     

Investigating parabolic and nebkha dune formation using a cellular automaton modelling approach

Vegetation plays an important role in shaping the morphology of aeolian dune landscapes in coastal and semi‐arid environments, where ecogeomorphic interactions are complex and not well quantified. We present a Discrete ECogeomorphic Aeolian Landscape model (DECAL) capable of simulating realistic looking vegetated dune forms, permitting exploration of relationships between ecological and morphological processes at different temporal and spatial scales. The cellular automaton algorithm applies three simple rules that lead to self‐organization of complex dune environments, including nebkhas with distinctive deposition tails that form in association with mesquite‐type shrubs, and hairpin (long‐walled) parabolic dunes with trailing ridges that evolve from blowouts in association with vegetation succession. Changing the conditions of simulations produces differing landscapes that conform qualitatively to observations of real‐world dunes. The model mimics the response of the morphology to changes in sediment supply, vegetation distribution, density and growth characteristics, as well as initial disturbances. The introduction of vegetation into the model links spatial and temporal scales, previously dimensionless in bare‐sand cellular automata. Grid resolutions coarser than the representative size of the modelled vegetation elements yield similar morphologies, but when cell size is reduced to much smaller dimensions, the resultant landscape evolution is dramatically different. The model furthermore demonstrates that the relative response characteristics of the multiple vegetation types and their mutual feedback with geomorphological processes impart a significant influence on landscape equilibria, suggesting that vegetation induces a characteristic length scale in aeolian environments. This simple vegetated dune model illustrates the power and versatility of a cellular automaton approach for exploring the effects of interactions between ecology and geomorphology in complex earth surface systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FWG2递减开发模型

本文提出了ＦＷＧ２递减开发模型,提出了开发速度,采出程度等开发指标的数学关系式,分析了参数对ＦＷＧ２递减开发模型的影响,提出了开发初期ＦＷＧ２递减开发模型的确定方法,便于开发初期决策,制作了ＦＷＧ２递减开发模型的ｌｏｇＶｄ－ｌｏｇＲｐ图版,ｌｏｇＶＤ～ｌｏｇ（ａｔ）图版,ｌｏｇＲｐ－ｌｏｇ（ａｔ）图版,提出了开发中晚期ＦＷＧ２递减开发模型的判断方法,三点抛物线法和三种图牌区配的拟合方法,为开发中晚期预测奠定了基础,ＦＷＧ２递减开发模型是一种高精度直线递减模型。