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31.
S. J. Goldstein Jr. 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1995,227(1-2):217-228
Ampere's law requires that every magnetic field have an associated current. The analysis of magnetic fields in this paper begins with that current in a circular loop and calculates the forces that make the loop evolve. A circular current generates a dipole field; and a second-order, ordinary differential equation represents the evolving magetic field. The theory describes cases where the conductor shrinks as the loop increases in size. The temperature of the conducting ions and electrons then decreases. The theory also describes cases where the conductor grows as the loop grows. Then the conducting particles heat up.Analysis shows that the magnetic clouds in the solar wind belong to the first type. In the provisional model adopted, the Klein-Burlaga clouds at one astronomical unit have a toroidal shape, centered on the sun, with a conductor radius of .125 au, and temperature (same for conducting electrons and protons) of 105 K. After 26 days the toroid has a radius of 7.1 au, the conductor radius is .025 au, and the temperature is 2600 K. 相似文献
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Solutions for spine reconnective annihilation are presented which satisfy exactly the three-dimensional equations of steady-state resistive incompressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The magnetic flux function ( A ) and stream function have the form $$A = A_{0}(R) \sin \phi + A_{1}(R)z, \qquad \Psi = \Psi _{0}(R) \sin \phi + \Psi _{1}(R)z,$$ in terms of cylindrical polar coordinates ( R , { , z ). First of all, two non-linear fourth-order equations for A 1 and 1 are solved by the method of matched asymptotic expansions when the magnetic Reynolds number is much larger than unity. The solution, for which a composite asymptotic expansion is given in closed form, possesses a weak boundary layer near the spine ( R = 0). These solutions are used to solve the remaining two equations for A 0 and 0 . Physically, the magnetic field is advected across the fan separatrix surface and diffuses across the spine curve. Different members of a family of solutions are determined by values of a free parameter n and the components ( B Re , B ze ) and ( v Re , v ze ) of the magnetic field and plasma velocity at a fixed external point ( R , { , z ) = (1, ~ /2,0), say. 相似文献
33.
Fields as found in the geosciences have properties that are not usually found in other disciplines: the phenomena studied are often three‐dimensional (3D), they tend to change continuously over time, and the collection of samples to study the phenomena is problematic, which often results in highly anisotropic distributions of samples. In the geographical information system (GIS) community, raster structures (voxels or octrees) are the most popular solutions, but, as we show in this paper, they have shortcomings for modelling and analysing 3D geoscientific fields. As an alternative to using rasters, we propose a new spatial model based on the Voronoi diagram (VD) and its dual the Delaunay tetrahedralisation (DT), and argue that they have many advantages over other tessellations. We discuss the main properties of the 3D VD/DT, present some GIS operations that are greatly simplified when the VD/DT is used, and, to analyse two or more fields, we also present a variant of the map algebra framework where all the operations are performed directly on VDs. The usefulness of this Voronoi‐based spatial model is demonstrated with a series of potential applications. 相似文献
34.
The Campanian Ignimbrite (36000 years B.P.) was produced by the explosive eruption of at least 80 km3 DRE of trachytic ash and pumice which covered most of the southern Italian peninsula and the eastern Mediterranean region. The eruption has been related to the 12-x15-km-diameter caldera located in the Phlegraean Fields, west of Naples. Proximal deposits on the periphery of the Phlegraean Fields comprise the following pyroclastic sequence from base to top: densely welded ignimbrite and lithic-rich breccias (unit A); sintered ignimbrite, low-grade ignimbrite and lithic-rich breccia (unit B); lithic-rich breccia and spatter agglutinate (unit C); and low-grade ignimbrite (unit D). Stratigraphic and componentry data, as well as distribution of accidental lithic types and the composition of pumice clasts of different units, indicate that coarse, lithic-rich breccias were emplaced at different stages during the eruption. Lower breccias are associated with fines-rich ignimbrites and are interpreted as co-ignimbrite lag breccia deposits. The main breccia unit (C) does not grade into a fines-rich ignimbrite, and therefore is interpreted as formed from a distinct lithic-rich flow. Units A and B exhibit a similar pattern of accidental lithic types, indicating that they were erupted from the same area, probably in the E of the caldera. Units C and D display a distinct pattern of lithics indicating expulsion from vent(s) that cut different areas. We suggest that unit C was ejected from several vents during the main stage of caldera collapse. Field relationships between spatter agglutinate and the breccia support the possibility that these deposits were erupted contemporaneously from vents with different eruptive style. The breccia may have resulted from a combination of magmatic and hydrothermal explosive activity that accompanied extensive fracturing and subsidence of the magma-chamber roof. The spatter rags probably derived from sustained and vigorous pyroclastic fountains. We propose that the association lithic-rich breccia and spatter agglutinate records the occurrence of catastrophic piecemeal collapse. 相似文献
35.
Non-LTE polarized radiative transfer in intermediate magnetic fields: Numerical problems and results
This paper presents some numerical results relative to a solution, based on the density matrix formalism, of the non-LTE, polarized radiative transfer problem for a two-level atom. The results concern the atomic upper level population and alignment, and the emergent radiation Stokes profiles, for a plane-parallel, static, isothermal atmosphere embedded in a magnetic field of intermediate strength, such that the Zeeman splitting has to be taken into account in the line profile. Zeeman coherences are neglected, whereas magneto-optical effects are taken into account, resulting in a full 4×4 absorption matrix. Induced emission is neglected and complete frequency redistribution, in the rest and laboratory frames, is assumed. Pure Doppler absorption profile (gaussian shape) has also been assumed. The presentation of the results is preceded by a brief discussion of their accuracy and of the numerical difficulties that were met in the solution of the problem.On leave from the Dipartimento di Astronomia e Scienza dello Spazio, Università di Firenze, Largo E. Fermi 5, I-50125 Firenze, Italia 相似文献
36.
纹理图像统计模型与纹理图像分割 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
本文详细介绍了一种新的纹理图像统计模型-Gibbs模型,给出了两种常用的Gibbs分布。在此基础上作者详细推导出了两种纹理图像的分割算法,并用一幅遥感图像进行了实验,获得了较好的分割结果。 相似文献
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Window‐based Euler deconvolution is commonly applied to magnetic and sometimes to gravity interpretation problems. For the deconvolution to be geologically meaningful, care must be taken to choose parameters properly. The following proposed process design rules are based partly on mathematical analysis and partly on experience.