天气尺度波激发的阻塞流的生命循环:观测结果和数值试验

通过观测研究证实了天气尺度波激发的阻塞流的生命循环是频散和非频散之间的转换过程。除此之外，进行了一个数值试验，发现天气尺度波似乎对阻塞的形成和支配作用，而地形似乎起位相锁相的作用。同时可以发现天气尺度波在阻塞的产生过程中分裂成两支。这些结果支持了我们所得到的观测结果。     

Characteristics of Two General Circulation Patterns During Floods over the Changjiang-Huaihe River Valley

Characteristics of the atmospheric general circulation during the catastrophic floods over the Changjiang- Huaihe River Valley(CHRV)are investigated.There are two precipitation patterns over China in the CHRV flood years:the CHRV flood-whole country-wet(P1)pattern and the CHRV flood-south(north)side-dry (P2)pattern.The circulation analysis results show that there are obvious differences between the NH 500- hPa geopotential height fields of P1 and P2 precipitation patterns.The establishment of East Asia-Atlantic (EAA)correlation chain(the South China Sea(SCS)high-the Meiyu trough-the Okhotsk Sea high over East Asia)is a critical condition for excessive summer precipitation over the CHRV,while the European blocking high plays an important role in determining the precipitation pattern over China in the CHRV flood years.Besides,the relation between the EAA correlation chain and the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA)in the North Pacific is also studied.     

城市生态地球化学评价的盖子模型

分析了城市生态地球化学评价的特点。建立了城市生态地球化学评价的盖子模型。按照盖子的阻隔效应,将城市生态地球化学评价分为盖上循环、盖下库内循环和盖子网眼及边缘的库内外开放性循环三大部分内容。城市化进程就是盖子的扩张与修补过程。按盖子模型进行的城市生态地球化学评价有利于预测和防治城市生态地球化学灾害,为城市规划、建设和管理服务。     

1999年夏季上海地区洪涝灾害的成因分析

着重从气候背景及南亚季风、南海季风、副热带高压、赤道辐合带和中纬度阻塞系统异常等方面分析了１９９９年上海地区夏季（６～８月）异常特多降水的成因,指出以上这些都是造成上海夏季降水特多的主要因素。     

南海北部大陆坡区的突发性强流

应用声学多普勒流速剖面仪的定点观测资料 ,分析南海北部东沙群岛西南大陆坡区孤立内波引起的突发性强流。本次观测到的这些强流主要特征为 :( 1 )在 0— 1 50m的观测深度层内 ,流向主要以向岸方向为主 ,每一峰值持续时间约为 1 0— 2 5min。 ( 2 )在大潮期间 ,强流事件出现的次数较多 ,且强度大 ;在小潮期则反之。 ( 3)最强的突发性海流发生于斜压内潮强盛期 ,比天文大潮落后 4— 5d。 ( 4 )突发性强流事件既可呈现多峰型 ,也可呈单峰型。     

自平衡法在灌注桩承载力检测中的应用及其有关问题

自平衡法是基于静载荷试验发展而来的建筑桩基检测方法,它可以快速检测隐蔽桩体的极限承载力。文章阐述了自平衡法测桩技术,并通过工程实例,论述了试验桩现场自平衡法实测效果,同时与预估极限承载力进行比较,分析了自平衡法测桩技术中荷载箱位置的设置对于桩基极限承载力的影响。文章还对自平衡法检测应用中需要注意的问题进行了说明。     

On the Blocking Flow Patterns in the Euro–Atlantic Sector:A Simple Model Study

The flow patterns of Euro-Atlantic blocking events in winter are investigated by dividing the sector into three sub- regions： 60°-30°W （Greenland region）; 20°W-30°E [eastern Atlantic-Europe （EAE） region]; and 50°-90°E （Ural region）. It is shown that blocking events in winter are extremely frequent in the three sub-regions. Composite 500-mb geopotential height fields for intense and long-lived blocking events demonstrate that the blocking fields over Greenland and Ural regions exhibit southwest-northeast （SW-NE） and southeast-northwest （SE-NW） oriented dipole-type patterns, respectively, while the composite field over the EAE region exhibits an Ω-type pattern. The type of composite blocking pattern seems to be related to the position of the blocking region relative to the positive center of the climatological stationary wave （CSW） anomaly existing near 10°W.
The physical cause of why there are different composite blocking types in the three sub-regions is identified using a nonlinear multiscale interaction model. It is found that when the blocking event is in almost the same position as the positive CSW anomaly, the planetary-scale field can exhibit an Ω-type pattern due to the enhanced positive CSW anomaly. Neverthe- less, a SW-NE （SE-NW） oriented dipole-type block can occur due to the reduced positive CSW anomaly as it is farther in the west （east） of the positive CSW anomaly. The total fields of blocking in the three regions may exhibit a meandering flow comprised of several isolated anticyclonic and cyclonic vortices, which resembles the Berggren-Bolin-Rossby meandering jet type.     

Primers to block the amplification of symbiotic apostome ciliate 18S rRNA gene in a PCR-based copepod diet study

Pelagic copepods play an important role in the marine food web. However, a full understanding of the ecological status of this zooplankton group depends on the careful study of their natural diets. In previous PCR-based copepod diet studies, we found many apostome ciliates that live symbiotically under the exoskeleton of the copepods, and their sequences were often over-represented in the 18S rRNA gene （18S rDNA） libraries. As a first step to address this issue, we designed three apostome ciliate 18S rDNA blocking primers, and tested their blocking efficiency against apostome ciliate 18S rDNA under various PCR conditions. Using a semi-quantitative PCR method, we optimized the conditions to efficiently amplify the 18S rDNA of the prey while simultaneously excluding the symbiotic apostome ciliates. This technique will facilitate PCR-based diet studies of copepods and other zooplankton in their natural environments.     

常州雷灾分布特征及风险区划

基于欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF）集合预报系统资料,评估和讨论了2008年1月我国南方发生严重冰冻雨雪灾害期间欧亚中高纬阻塞形势的预报效果.结果表明,2008年1月阻塞形势发生频率极端偏高,ECMWF集合预报的阻塞发生频率随着预报时效的延长逐渐降低.环流预报效果检验表明,预报时效大于6d时,集合平均的预报效果好于确定性预报,因此集合预报的优势主要体现在中期预报时段.对阻塞形势的可预报性的分析表明,阻塞崩溃期间的可预报性低于阻塞建立期间.另外,通过集合预报可以获得阻塞发生的概率,从而提前为预报员提供可能发生阻塞的信号.     

2008年1月欧亚阻塞形势的ECMWF集合预报效果评估检验

基于欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)集合预报系统资料,评估和讨论了2008年1月我国南方发生严重冰冻雨雪灾害期间欧亚中高纬阻塞形势的预报效果。结果表明,2008年1月阻塞形势发生频率极端偏高,ECMWF集合预报的阻塞发生频率随着预报时效的延长逐渐降低。环流预报效果检验表明,预报时效大于6 d时,集合平均的预报效果好于确定性预报,因此集合预报的优势主要体现在中期预报时段。对阻塞形势的可预报性的分析表明,阻塞崩溃期间的可预报性低于阻塞建立期间。另外,通过集合预报可以获得阻塞发生的概率,从而提前为预报员提供可能发生阻塞的信号。